Lanthanides

Abstract

This article provides broad coverage of the key developments in lanthanide coordination chemistry during the period 2003–19. The term lanthanide covers the elements in the series from cerium to lutetium, but does not include very detailed discussion of coordination compounds of the other three rare earth elements, namely scandium, yttrium and lanthanum. The article places some emphasis on unconventional ligand types that have not previously been included in the articles on the lanthanides earlier editions of Comprehensive Coordination Chemistry, notably hydride and ligands in which the donor atoms include p-block metalloid and metallic elements, such as the heavier Group 13 elements and the heavier Group 14 elements. Bonds between lanthanides and transition metals are also reviewed. Complexes that can readily be identified as belonging to the ‘organometallic’ family are mentioned in cases where the chemistry represents an important development for the lanthanide elements in general, notably the discovery of new oxidation states, single-molecule magnets and small-molecule activation. More traditional Werner-type coordination compounds form the bulk of the article, including vast numbers of N- and O-donor ligands, including many beautiful lanthanide complexes of multidentate and macrocyclic ligands. The applications of such complexes in luminescence and as materials for imaging are summarized, as are their molecular magnetic properties. Whilst every effort has been made to provide comprehensive coverage of topics in lanthanide chemistry, the sheer volume of research activity in this vibrant field makes citation of every study practically impossible. Many more fascinating studies in lanthanide chemistry can be accessed via the extensive list of review articles cited in the following pages.