Abstract
Developing effective methods to coordinate the trade-offs among ecosystem services (ES) is important for achieving inclusive growth and sustainable development, and has been the focus of scholars and ecosystem managers globally. Using remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) data, our study examined Wafangdian County of Liaoning Province as a case study to reveal the spatiotemporal evolution of four ES (food supply [FS], net primary productivity [NPP], water yield [WY], and soil conservation [SC]) and changes among their interactions. Then, an ordered weighted averaging model was introduced to simulate the optimal scenario of ES allocation. Results showed that: (1) the spatial and temporal changes in ES were significant over 14 years. All ES presented an inverted U-shaped growth curve from 2000–2014. (2) Synergies were observed within provisioning services, and there were trade-offs between provisioning services and regulating services, as well as provisioning services and supporting services. (3) The optimal scenario for Wafangdian was scenario 5 (trade-off coefficient, 0.68). The allocation of FS, NPP, WY, and SC in scenario 5 were 0.187, 0.427, 0.131, and 0.063, respectively. Implementing each ES weight of optimal scenario in land use management contributed to achieving intercoordination of ES. We propose to coordinate land and sea management to restore natural habitats that were expanded into in the high ES area. It is our anticipation that this study could provide a scientific basis for optimizing the allocation of ES and improving land use structure of coastal zones in the future.
Highlights
Ecosystem services (ES) can be considered to be natural capital assets, which provide various benefits to human society (Daily & Matson, 2008; Zheng et al, 2019)
Our results showed that net primary productivity (NPP), food supply (FS), and water yield (WY) decreased in forest, farmland, and grassland from 2000 to 2014
Three ES use an evaluation model based on remote sensing or geographic information system (GIS) (SC based on revised universal soil loss equation (RUSLE), WY based on InVEST, and NPP based on CASA)
Summary
Ecosystem services (ES) can be considered to be natural capital assets, which provide various benefits to human society (Daily & Matson, 2008; Zheng et al, 2019). The specific interactions among different ES are complex (Barbier et al, 2008; Brauman et al, 2007); they can be abstracted as competing trade-offs and synergies of mutual gains (Dai et al, 2016; Rodriguez et al, 2006) They have become hot topics in geography and ecology to understand these trade-offs and synergies among various ES; to identify their types, characteristics, and spatiotemporal patterns; and to maximize the benefits to human society from multiple interconnected ES (Fu & Yu, 2016; Queiroz et al, 2015; Rodriguez et al, 2006)
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