Laminar Structure and Reservoir Quality of Shales with High Clay Mineral Content in the Qingshankou Formation, Songliao Basin

Abstract

This paper investigates high-maturity organic matter-rich shales with high clay mineral contents in the Qingshankou Formation, in the Gulong Depression of the Songliao Basin, at a sub-millimeter scale, using a new laminar division method based on XRF data. The influence of laminar structure on reservoir quality is examined using a combination of geochemistry, mineralogy, and pore structures. Explanatory models are established. Three types of laminar units are distinguished in the study area based on differences in pore structure. These are clay mineral laminae (UA), clay mineral-Ostracod laminae (UB), and clay mineral-felsic laminae (UC). UA has illite intergranular pores, micro-fractures, and organic pores, with diameters of 0.5~2 μm. UB primarily contains Ostracod shell margin fractures, pyrite intergranular pores, and chlorite intragranular pores. UC contains albite and illite intergranular pores. Nitrogen adsorption tests show that UA has the highest clay content and the best specific pore volume and specific surface area, indicating that clay minerals are the main contributors to the pores in this type of unit. 2D–3D models of different laminae reveal that carbonate cement is widely developed in UB and UC, but dissolution pores are less developed, with the result that the porosity of UA is two to three times greater than that of UB or UC. It appears that intergranular pores and fractures, formed during the transformation of clay minerals during the advanced thermal evolution stage, are the main contributors to storage space and flow channels. Thermal evolution, clay mineral transformation, and carbonate cementation are the key factors causing differences between laminar units. In addition, clay mineral laminae (UA) are the most important laminar units for shale oil enrichment in the study area. This finding is of great significance for accurately predicting the distribution of shale “sweet spots” and guiding shale oil and gas exploration.