Kinetics, pathways and toxicity of hexabromocyclododecane biodegradation: Isolation of the novel bacterium Citrobacter sp. Y3

Abstract

This research investigated the biodegradation kinetics, pathways and ecological risk of hexabromocyclododecane (HBCD) by a novel bacterium Citrobacter sp. Y3. Results showed the biodegradation followed a first-order model. The specific degradation rate constant of HBCD were obviously higher in batch experiments with combined carbon sources (k: 0.156–0.290 d−1) than those using HBCD as the sole carbon source (k: 0.055 d−1). Correspondingly, the degradation half-life became much shorter (T1/2: 2.39–4.44 d vs T1/2: 13.7 d). HBCD could be degraded through dehydrobromination and dehalohydroxylation, of which six possible degradation products were detected. To evaluate the ecological risk of HBCD biodegradation products, acute toxicity tests were assessed for the first time. The acute toxicity decreased slowly during treatment for 3–5 d and then decreased sharply. In general, treatment by Strain Y3 is not only a biodegradation process but also a detoxification process, thus it shows potential for bioremediation of HBCD contaminated sites.