Abstract
Simple SummarySkeletal muscle mass is an important economic trait, and muscle development and growth is a crucial factor to supply enough meat for human consumption. Thus, understanding (candidate) genes regulating skeletal muscle development is crucial for understanding molecular genetic regulation of muscle growth and can be benefit the meat industry toward the goal of increasing meat yields. During the past years, significant progress has been made for understanding these mechanisms, and thus, we decided to write a comprehensive review covering regulators and (candidate) genes crucial for muscle development and growth in farm animals. Detection of these genes and factors increases our understanding of muscle growth and development and is a great help for breeders to satisfy demands for meat production on a global scale. Farm-animal species play crucial roles in satisfying demands for meat on a global scale, and they are genetically being developed to enhance the efficiency of meat production. In particular, one of the important breeders’ aims is to increase skeletal muscle growth in farm animals. The enhancement of muscle development and growth is crucial to meet consumers’ demands regarding meat quality. Fetal skeletal muscle development involves myogenesis (with myoblast proliferation, differentiation, and fusion), fibrogenesis, and adipogenesis. Typically, myogenesis is regulated by a convoluted network of intrinsic and extrinsic factors monitored by myogenic regulatory factor genes in two or three phases, as well as genes that code for kinases. Marker-assisted selection relies on candidate genes related positively or negatively to muscle development and can be a strong supplement to classical selection strategies in farm animals. This comprehensive review covers important (candidate) genes that regulate muscle development and growth in farm animals (cattle, sheep, chicken, and pig). The identification of these genes is an important step toward the goal of increasing meat yields and improves meat quality.
Highlights
MYF5, MYOD, and MRF4 are typically responsible for activating quiescent muscle stem cells and stimulating the genes required for muscle stem cell proliferation [12]
Using next-generation sequencing (NGS) with nearly 12 million imputed single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP), we identified several important candidate genes influencing hindquarter muscle development in Chinese Simmental beef cattle [74]; they included IQUB, NDUFA5, and ASB15 in a
The FABP4 gene has an important effect on meat quality in sheep, as it does in cattle; polymorphism of this gene affects the marbling, shear force, and intramuscular fat content of the LMD [116]
Summary
As a complex and heterogeneous tissue, skeletal muscle is considered a vital organ for the muscular system [1]. This very abundant tissue in vertebrates has different but crucial metabolic actions. Lean skeletal muscle mass regulates the body’s rate of energy expenditure [2,3,4]. Elevated skeletal muscle development in farm animals is important because it creates tissue that meets human requirements for meat consumption. Myogenic regulatory factors (MRFs) and growth promoters are crucial for muscle development in farm animals [8]. Skeletal muscle has a very unique ability to regenerate and remake itself in response to growth and injury, via the activation of muscle stem cells or satellite cells [11,12]
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