Abstract
This review highlights various methods that can be used for a sensitive detection of nucleic acids without using thermal cycling procedures, as is done in PCR or LCR. Topics included are nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), Invader assay, rolling circle amplification (RCA), signal mediated amplification of RNA technology (SMART), helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), nicking endonuclease signal amplification (NESA) and nicking endonuclease assisted nanoparticle activation (NENNA), exonuclease-aided target recycling, Junction or Y-probes, split DNAZyme and deoxyribozyme amplification strategies, template-directed chemical reactions that lead to amplified signals, non-covalent DNA catalytic reactions, hybridization chain reactions (HCR) and detection via the self-assembly of DNA probes to give supramolecular structures. The majority of these isothermal amplification methods can detect DNA or RNA in complex biological matrices and have great potential for use at point-of-care.
Highlights
Topics included are nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (NASBA), strand displacement amplification (SDA), loop-mediated amplification (LAMP), Invader assay, rolling circle amplification (RCA), signal mediated amplification of RNA technology (SMART), helicase-dependent amplification (HDA), recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA), nicking endonuclease signal amplification (NESA) and nicking endonuclease assisted nanoparticle activation (NENNA), exonuclease-aided target recycling, Junction or Y-probes, split DNAZyme and deoxyribozyme amplification strategies, template-directed chemical reactions that lead to amplified signals, non-covalent DNA catalytic reactions, hybridization chain reactions (HCR) and detection via the self-assembly of DNA probes to give supramolecular structures
Sensing nucleic acid sequences is vital in modern biology and medicine and the field has grown exponentially since the 1990s, and is likely to continue to increase in importance over the few decades
Ellington and co-workers have demonstrated that the combi- hybridization defects and holds promise for the detection of nation of catalytic hairpin assembly (CHA) and HCR allows for the detection of nucleic acid single nucleotide polymorphism.[153]
Summary
Gold nanoparticles for detection.[12]. the reviews by Dong13a and Li13b on isothermal nucleic acid detection of microRNA are complementary to this review.[13]. In the 1990s it was reported that DNA polymerase can utilize circular templates to make a long linear strand, containing multiple copies of a given sequence and this process was referred to as rolling circle amplification (RCA).[60,61,62] RCA can be coupled to the ligation of a padlock probe (in the presence of a target analyte) to provide sensitive detection of nucleic acids.[61,63] The padlock probe is a single probe that contains 30- and 50-end sequences that bind to target sequences in a juxtapose manner to aid a ligase-mediated circularization of the padlock probe if the 50-end is phosphorylated (Fig. 13). Despite the simplicity of this assay, the requirement of a nicking endonuclease cognate site in the target
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