Abstract
BackgroundNumerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-load (LL) resistance exercise leads to elevated levels of muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. In terms of main underlying mechanisms, metabolic accumulation and increased neuromuscular adaptations seem to play a primary role. However, this evidence is largely based on dynamic exercise conditions. Therefore, the main objective was to investigate the acute physiological adaptations following isometric LL-BFR exercise.MethodsFifteen males participated in this cross-over trial and completed the following sessions in a random and counterbalanced order: isometric LL-BFR exercise (20% maximum voluntary contraction, MVC) and load matched LL exercise without BFR. Lactate levels, muscle activation as well as muscle swelling were recorded during the whole exercise and until 15 min post completion. Additionally, changes in maximal voluntary torque and ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) were monitored.ResultsDuring exercise, EMG amplitudes (72.5 ± 12.7% vs. 46.3 ± 6.7% of maximal EMG activity), muscle swelling and RPE were significantly higher during LL-BFR compared to LL (p < 0.05). Lactate levels did not show significant group differences during exercise but revealed higher increases 15 min after completion in the LL-BFR condition (LL-BFR: + 69%, LL: + 22%) (p < 0.05). Additionally, MVC torque significantly decreased immediately post exercise only in LL-BFR (~ − 11%) (p < 0.05) but recovered after 15 min.ConclusionsThe present results demonstrate that isometric LL-BFR causes increased metabolic, neuromuscular as well as perceptual responses compared to LL alone. These adaptations are similar to dynamic exercise and therefore LL-BFR represents a valuable type of exercise where large joint movements are contraindicated (e.g. rehabilitation after orthopedic injuries).
Highlights
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-load (LL) resistance exercise leads to elevated levels of muscle hypertrophy and strength gains
During the three 90s sets, Electromyographic muscle activation (EMG) amplitude significantly increased over time being significantly higher in the Low-load resistance exercise with blood flow restriction (LL-BFR) condition in set 2 and set 3
Mean EMG activity during each of the three 90s sets was significantly higher in the LL-BFR condition in all sets
Summary
Numerous studies have demonstrated that the addition of blood flow restriction (BFR) to low-load (LL) resistance exercise leads to elevated levels of muscle hypertrophy and strength gains. GH’s effect on skeletal muscle size and performance is questionable [11,12,13], a significant increase in growth hormone secretion has been consistently shown during high levels of metabolic stress, such as when using BFR. These underlying physiological mechanisms have predominantly been investigated under dynamic contraction modes [7, 14,15,16,17] the advantages of LL-BFR training come into play when prescribed during rehabilitation [18] or training of older individuals [1]. Isometric contraction modes are often preferred over dynamic exercises in the very early phase of rehabilitation where joint movements are often limited [19, 20]
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