Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) play a crucial role as potent signal transducers among cells, with the potential to operate cross-species and cross-kingdom communication. Nanoalgosomes are a subtype of EVs recently identified and isolated from microalgae. Microalgae represent a natural bioresource with the capacity to produce several secondary metabolites with a broad range of biological activities and commercial applications. The present study highlights the upstream and downstream processes required for the scalable production of nanoalgosomes from cultures of the marine microalgae Tetraselmis chuii. Different technical parameters, protocols, and conditions were assessed to improve EVs isolation by tangential flow filtration (TFF), aiming to enhance sample purity and yield. The optimization of the overall bioprocess was enhanced by quality control checks operated through robust biophysical and biochemical characterizations. Further, we showed the possibility of recycling by TFF microalgae cells post-EVs isolation for multiple EV production cycles. The present results highlight the potential of nanoalgosome production as a scalable, cost-effective bioprocess suitable for diverse scientific and industrial exploitations.
Highlights
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membranous nanoparticles originated from cells and involved in several biological processes (Yáñez-Mó et al, 2015; Margolis and Sadovsky, 2019)
We isolated EVs from the marine chlorophyte microalgae T. chuii (Figure 1A). This species was selected from a set of several microalgal strains as one of the best candidates for EVs production (Adamo et al, 2021; Picciotto et al, 2021)
A continuous method may in principle allow a higher yield, we preferred to implement on a lab/pilot scale a batch cultivation in small bioreactors, since it is reliable and it facilitates the setting of sterile conditions
Summary
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a diverse group of membranous nanoparticles originated from cells and involved in several biological processes (Yáñez-Mó et al, 2015; Margolis and Sadovsky, 2019). EVs perform specific and selective cargo release to cells or target tissues via different mechanisms, including endocytosis, fusion, or receptor interaction, and in general they take part in intercellular signal transduction (Van Niel et al, 2018; Raposo and Stahl, 2019; Limongi et al, 2021a) Beyond their physiological functions, EVs have a role in several diseases, including cancer (Vagner et al, 2018; Raimondi et al, 2020), and in numerous pathological conditions, for instance, in stimulating an immune response (Zhou et al, 2020) or intervening in multidrug resistance in cancer treatments (Samuel et al, 2017; Pasini and Ulivi, 2020) and in virus infections and transmission (Urbanelli et al, 2019; Pocsfalvi et al, 2020). Plant-derived vesicles are currently considered as biocompatible, sustainable, green, nextgeneration nanocarriers (Kameli et al, 2021; Urzì et al, 2021)
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