Abstract
The purpose of this research is to investigate separate themes of Islamic Leadership based on analyses conducted on selected literature of conventional and Islamic Leadership. The themes of Islamic Leadership were identified for the purpose of developing a specific inventory to measure Islamic Leadership or the Islamic Leadership Inventory (ILI). In identifying the themes of Islamic Leadership, this research applied qualitative content analysis procedures on four categories of literature. The literature are (1) The Qur’an and Hadiths (2) Managerial Leadership and Servant Leadership literature (3) Contemporary Islamic Leadership literature (4) Classical texts of Islamic Leadership. This research used NVIVO to facilitate information processing. With respect to the underlying theory of research, this research is based on the principles of higher objectives of Shari’ah or the Maqasid al-Shari’ah to justify the importance of the identified Islamic Leadership behaviours from the lenses of Islam. Based on the content analysis, this research found 25 separate themes representing Islamic Leadership Behaviours. The 25 themes are (1) Trustworthiness and Integrity, (2) Employees Orientation, (3) Self-evaluation, (4) Patience, (5) Outcome Orientation, (6) Empowerment, (7) Social Responsibility (8) Flexibility (9) Non-Calculative, (10) Spirituality, Religiousness and Piety, (11) Esprit De Corps, (12) Bravery, (13) Justice and Equity, (14) High Self-Reliance and High Self-Esteem, (15) Modesty and Shyness, (16) Impartially, (17) Moderation and Balance, (18) Good in Communication, (19) Free from environmental-constrains, (20) Earnest, (21) Cheerful, (22) Feared when angry, (23) Empowering Intelligent, Wisdom and Encourage Synergy, (24) Role Model, and (25) Avoid Conflict. The themes suggested could be used to measure Islamic Leadership in various perspectives. In general, this paper offers policymakers, organisations, and researchers in various avenues the important dimensions of Islamic Leadership. Specifically, the Islamic Leadership Inventory (ILI) could be utilised to measure the effectiveness of Muslims’ professionals based on the perspectives of Islam and the higher objectives of Shari’ah . In sum, this paper found that Islamic Leadership could be represented in several dimensions and could be adapted in the conventional measures of managerial leadership. Keywords: Islamic Leadership Inventory, Leadership Behaviour, Leadership Approaches
Highlights
The current development of leadership theories and models has moved researchers to revisit some of the fundamental and underpinning philosophies
This research is conducted to ensure that the 25 Islamic Leadership Inventories themes are integrated with the previous 19 themes of Islamic Leadership found in the earlier studies by Mahazan and Wan Mohd Fazrul Azdi (2012)
The new themes derived from this study further extend the understanding of Islamic Leadership and how it evolves over time
Summary
The current development of leadership theories and models has moved researchers to revisit some of the fundamental and underpinning philosophies. The movement has enlightened researchers to incorporate spiritual elements in the development of leadership concepts and theories (Khaliq, 2011; Abdul Rashid, 2011; Bird, Ji, & Boyatt, 2004). The efforts of those scholars were insufficient in exploring and emphasizing the religious practices and values among leaders (Badawi & Beekun, 1999). There are researchers who have investigated the importance of religiosity towards leadership (see Shee, Ji, & Boyatt, 2002), the researchers only incorporate certain religious values of leaders in studying the leaders’ managerial and leadership behaviours. The religiosity and spirituality elements are rarely integrated with current development of managerial leadership behaviour measures. The lack of integration has caused the variables (i.e. religiosity and spirituality) to be perceived as distinct but interrelated with leadership behaviour
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