Ion Composition of the Earth’s Radiation Belts in the Range from 100 keV to 100 MeV / nucleon $100\mbox{ MeV}/\mbox{nucleon}$ : Fifty Years of Research

Abstract

Spatial, energy and angular distributions of ion fluxes in the Earth’s radiation belts (ERB) near the equatorial plane, at middle geomagnetic latitudes and at low altitudes are systematically reviewed herein. Distributions of all main ion components, from protons to Fe (including hydrogen and helium isotopes), and their variations under the action of solar and geomagnetic activity are considered. For ions with $Z\geq 2$ and especially for ions with $Z \geq 9$ , these variations are much more than for protons, and these have no direct connection with the intensity of magnetic storms ( $Z$ is the charge of the atomic nucleus with respect to the charge of the proton). The main physical mechanisms for the generation of ion fluxes in the ERB and the losses of these ions are considered. Solar wind, Solar Cosmic Rays (SCR), Galactic Cosmic Rays (GCR), and Anomalous component of Cosmic Rays (ACR) as sources of ions in the ERB are considered.