Abstract
Simple SummaryGut health has significant implications for swine production. Gut morphology and luminal microbiota play determinant roles for its health maintenance. Amino acids, a group of nutrients for pigs, are not only obligatory for maintaining gut tissue integrity, but also for supporting the growth of luminal microbiota. This review summarized the up-to-date knowledge concerning the effects of dietary amino acids on the gut health of weanling pigs. Studies have shown that different amino acids have similar but also some different effects on gut health, but how to take advantages of all these effects for field application is not clear. The interactions between the effects of non-nutrient feed additives and the fundamental effects of amino acids warrant further investigation. Considering the global push to ban the antibiotics usage for swine production, a primary effort at present may be made to explore the specific and then the concert effects of amino acids on the profile and functions of gut microbiota in young pigs.Gut health has significant implications for swine nutrient utilization and overall health. The basic gut morphology and its luminal microbiota play determinant roles for maintaining gut health and functions. Amino acids (AA), a group of essential nutrients for pigs, are not only obligatory for maintaining gut mucosal mass and integrity, but also for supporting the growth of luminal microbiota. This review summarized the up-to-date knowledge concerning the effects of dietary AA supplementation on the gut health of weanling piglets. For instance, threonine, arginine, glutamine, methionine and cysteine are beneficial to gut mucosal immunity and barrier function. Glutamine, arginine, threonine, methionine and cysteine can also assist with relieving the post-weaning stress of young piglets by improving gut immunological functions, antioxidant capacity, and/or anti-inflammatory ability. Glutamine, glutamate, glycine and cysteine can assist to reconstruct the gut structure after its damage and reverse its dysfunction. Furthermore, methionine, lysine, threonine, and glutamate play key roles in affecting bacteria growth in the lumen. Overall, the previous studies with different AA showed both similar and different effects on the gut health, but how to take advantages of all these effects for field application is not clear. It is uncertain whether these AA effects are synergetic or antagonistic. The interactions between the effects of non-nutrient feed additives and the fundamental effects of AA warrant further investigation. Considering the global push to minimize the antibiotics and ZnO usage in swine production, a primary effort at present may be made to explore the specific effects of individual AA, and then the concert effects of multiple AA, on the profile and functions of gut microbiota in young pigs.
Highlights
A healthy gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut, is very critical for the overall nutrient metabolism, physical activities, body wellbeing, and production efficiency of pigs at every stage of life
All these results indicate that Thr is very important for the protection of gut mucosal barrier and for gut immunological functions
Rakhshandeh et al [76] reported that the immune system stimulation by injection of LPS reduced the ratio of whole-body nitrogen to sulfur balance, indicating that the sulfur-containing Amino acids (AA) are preferentially preserved for the production of non-protein compounds, such as GSH, to enhance the whole-body immune status
Summary
A healthy gastrointestinal tract, known as the gut, is very critical for the overall nutrient metabolism, physical activities, body wellbeing, and production efficiency of pigs at every stage of life. For the feeding strategies with dietary intervention, a substantial number of studies have been conducted evaluating the impact of nutrients, feed ingredients, and non-nutrient feed additives (those additives that are not nutritionally or physiologically required by the pig) on various aspects of gut development, health, and functions in young piglets, and excellent review papers on the topic were published by de Lange et al [1], Lallès et al [3], Xiong et al [5], Heo et al [6], and Muns and Magowan [7], to name a few Amongst those feed additives, antibiotics and ZnO are widely used in the industry to alleviate these weaning-associated gut health problems and to improve pig growth performance. It needs to be pointed out that the emphasis of this article is on the weanling piglets, some theoretical concepts and/or practical effects may be relevant to other categories of pigs as well
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