Abstract
In this study, genotoxic effects of Ponceau 4R (E 124) was investigated in vivo using Drosophila melanogaster Meigen in the laboratory experiments. The food coloring in 25‰, 50‰ and 75‰ concentrations were added to food medium of Drosophila during the larval stage and the mutant wing spot numbers were evaluated using the wing spot test, namely SMART (somatic mutation and recombination test). The food colourings are the food additives which are used for increasing the appearance of food and beverages. In SMART, mwh (multiple wing hair), flr3 (flare) and BdS (beader serrate) marker genes on the third largest chromosome of Drosophila are used. Genotoxic effects of the Ponceau 4R in the imaginal disc cells that will develop into the wing spot cells during the embryonic development of Drosophila heterozygous larvae and the genotypic changes caused by mutation or recombination in somatic cells also play a role in the formation of mutant spots in the wings (GRAF et al., 1984). The food coloring which is daily used in our many types of food induced mutant wing spots depend on the concentration in trans-heterozygous flies (mwh/flr3) and in balancer-heterozygous flies (mwh/TM3) in the medium (Chi-Square test; df=3, P<0.001) and the spots were significantly higher than the flies were fed in the medium prepared with distilled water used as negative control showing that the Ponceau 4R has mutagenic effect. However, the mutant spots were less than the flies were fed in the medium prepared with 1 mM EMS (ethyl methane sulfonate) used as positive control showing that mutagenic effect of the colouring was not as much as the EMS. On the other hand, the concentrations of the colouring were used in the mediums together the different plant extracts to determinate whether they have antigenotoxic effects against the colouring. The following plant extracts were added to mediums in 10% concentration with the colouring were: Hypericum perforatum L., (St John’s wort), Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. (milk thistle), and Lavandula stoechas L. (topped lavender). The mutant wing spots were compared to control groups showed that the three plant extracts have no effect to reduce the mutant spots in trans-heterozygous flies (mwh/flr3) and in balancer-heterozygous flies and thus have no antigenotoxic effect against the food colouring used experimental treatments (Kruskal-Wallis test; df=2, P>0.05) Keywords: Challenge Genotoxicity, antigenotoxicity, Ponceau 4R, Hypericum perforatum L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn., Lavandula stoechas L., Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, SMART. DOI: 10.7176/JHMN/87-07 Publication date: March 31 st 2021
Highlights
Nutrition is one of the most important factors for the continuity of life
The research has been conducted to determine whether Ponceau 4R in 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml concentrations will have a detrimental effect on D. melanogaster Meigen's mwh and flr3 lines and Hypericum perforatum L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and Lavandula stoechas L. in 100 mg/ml concentration which are stated to have anticarcinogenic effects in many sources, will be successful in reducing the genotoxic effect of the colouring or not using wing SMART
When the study data are evaluated for genotoxicity by using SMART, it has become clear that Ponceau 4R has mutagenic effects in normal and serrate wings of Drosophila flies in studied concentrations
Summary
Nutrition is one of the most important factors for the continuity of life. Today, it is seen that people's eating habits differ greatly as a result of changes in lifestyle and economic development. It has been determined that the level of the food colourings used in studies related to the subject in our country is well above the statute limits and may have harmful effects in terms of public health (YENTUR et al, 1996; TOPSOY, 1990; YAMAN, 1996). Drosophila, is frequently included as a model organism in SMART test This test is suitable for detecting mutagenic and recombinogenic activities are as a result of genotoxic and antigenotoxic effects in somatic cells induced by chemicals. Lavandula stoechas L. in 100 mg/ml concentration which are stated to have anticarcinogenic effects in many sources, will be successful in reducing the genotoxic effect of the colouring or not using wing SMART The research has been conducted to determine whether Ponceau 4R in 25 mg/ml, 50 mg/ml, 75 mg/ml concentrations will have a detrimental effect on D. melanogaster Meigen's mwh (multiple wing hair-multiple wing hair) and flr (flare-irregular wing hair) lines and Hypericum perforatum L., Silybum marianum (L.) Gaertn. and Lavandula stoechas L. in 100 mg/ml concentration which are stated to have anticarcinogenic effects in many sources, will be successful in reducing the genotoxic effect of the colouring or not using wing SMART
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