Abstract
Background: Malaria remains a serious concern in most African countries, causing nearly one million deaths globally every year. This review aims to examine the extent and nature of the resurgence of malaria transmission in South Africa. Methods: Using the Arksey and O'Malley framework, this scoping review includes articles published between the years 2015 and 2018 on the resurgence of malaria occurrence in South Africa. Articles were searched between October 2018 to January 2019 using the following electronic databases: CINAHL, Pubmed, Science Direct and SCOPUS. Grey literature from Google Scholar was also hand searched. Key search terms and subject headings such as climate variables, climate changes, climatic factors, malaria resurgence, malaria reoccurrence and malaria increase over epidemic regions in South Africa were used to identify relevant articles. Three independent reviewers performed the selection and characterization of articles, and the data collected were synthesized qualitatively. Results: A total number of 534 studies were identified. Among these, 24 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results were grouped by factors (four main themes) that influenced the malaria resurgence: Climatic, Epidemiological, Socio-economic, and Environmental factors. Climatic factors were found to be the major factor responsible for the resurgence of malaria, as more than 55% of the selected articles were climate-focused. This was followed by epidemiological, socio-economic and environmental factors, in that order. Grey literature from Google Scholar yielded no results. Conclusion: This study shows that malaria transmission in South Africa is more associated with climate. Climate-based malaria models could be used as early warning systems for malaria over the epidemic regions in South Africa. Since epidemiological factors also play significant roles in malaria transmission, regular and unrelaxed use of Indoor Residual Spraying (IRS) should be encouraged in these regions. Individuals should also be educated on the importance and the usefulness of these deliveries. While some studies have indicated that the vectors have developed resistance to insecticides, continuous research on developing new insecticides that could alter the resistance are encouraged. Furthermore, all efforts to eradicate malaria in South Africa must also target malaria-endemic neighbouring countries.
Highlights
Malaria continues to be a major threat in most African countries in the south of the Sahara, claiming a significant number of lives every year [1]
This study shows that malaria transmission in South Africa is more associated with climate
Climate-based malaria models could be used as early warning systems for malaria over the epidemic regions in South Africa
Summary
Malaria continues to be a major threat in most African countries in the south of the Sahara, claiming a significant number of lives every year [1]. In South Africa, malaria-endemic is mainly found in three epidemic provinces, namely; Limpopo, Mpumalanga and KwaZulu-Natal [3, 4]. The vector mainly responsible for malaria transmission in South Africa is the female Anopheles mosquito (An. arabiensis and An. funestus), which transmit Plasmodium falciparum [1 - 7]. In sub-Saharan Africa, three Anopheles species, Anopheles gambiae, Anopheles arabiensis and Anopheles funestus are the major vectors responsible for malaria transmission. Malaria remains a serious concern in most African countries, causing nearly one million deaths globally every year.
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