Abstract
<p><strong><em>Aim: </em></strong><em>This study aimed to investigate dietary sodium intake levels and to explore the relationship between those levels and the severity of fluid overload symptoms.</em></p><p><strong><em>Background: </em></strong><em>The management of dietary sodium is an important nursing intervention in the care of patients with heart failure stemming from fluid overload. Recommendations for the intake of dietary sodium among heart failure patients were discussed. If a heart failure patient’s dietary sodium intake habits are understood, then the relationship between this intake and fluid overload can be elucidated. This knowledge would be beneficial for nursing intervention in cases of heart failure.</em></p><p><strong><em>Methods:</em></strong><em> A total of 98 patients selected from cardiology wards who had a diagnosis of heart failure were enrolled in this study. Their dietary sodium intake level was estimated from a 24-hour urinary sodium excretion analysis. The severity of fluid overload symptoms was assessed using the fluid volume overload symptoms scale. </em></p><p><strong><em>Results:</em></strong><em> This study showed that the mean dietary sodium intake for patients with heart failure was 2.49 g/day and that this intake had no correlation with the severity levels of fluid overload symptoms. </em></p><p><strong><em>Conclusions: </em></strong><em>Using the patients’ own perceptions of the severity of fluid overload symptoms as a reference, adopting more relaxed sodium dietary intake restrictions may lead patients to have better food consumption habits.</em></p>
Highlights
A characteristic feature of patients with Heart Failure (HF) is the presence of a fluid overload
The results of our study show that patient dietary sodium intake trends are similar to Lemon (2010), who reported that patient dietary sodium intake was 2.7 g/day on average
The results of this study show that patients’ dietary sodium intake are similar to some studies that reported the following: patients with an New York Heart Association (NYHA) functional classification of II and III, and who are mostly African American patients with HF, had a dietary sodium intake mean of 2.67 ± 1.43 g/day (Frediani et al, 2013), while a different study reported that patients with an NYHA functional classification of II and III, and who were African patients with HF, had a dietary sodium intake mean of 2.4 g/day (Pretorius et al, 2012)
Summary
A characteristic feature of patients with Heart Failure (HF) is the presence of a fluid overload. The American College of Cardiology Foundation/American Heart Association recommend that stages A and B HF patients have a dietary sodium intake of 1.5 g/day, while patients with stages C and D have an intake of less than 3.0 g/day (Yancy et al, 2013). The Heart Failure Society of America recommends that HF patients with mild symptoms have a dietary sodium intake of 2.0 to 3.0 g/day, while HF patients with moderate to severe symptoms should have a dietary sodium intake of less than 2.0 g/day (Lindenfeld et al, 2010). The purpose of this study was (1) to investigate dietary sodium intake, and (2) to explore the relationship between this intake and the severity of fluid overload symptoms Because low dietary sodium intake is an important nursing intervention in the care of HF patients with fluid overload symptoms, it would be beneficial if we understood the following: (1) what is the daily dietary sodium intake in patient with HF, and (2) what is the relationship between the dietary sodium intake in those patients and their fluid overload symptoms? the purpose of this study was (1) to investigate dietary sodium intake, and (2) to explore the relationship between this intake and the severity of fluid overload symptoms
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