Abstract
Bees, wasps, and ants are among the most highly invasive social insects. Theoretically, the single-locus complementary sex determination (sl-CSD) would hinder the establishment of invasive population with limited founders. Apis cerana has colonized many regions with anthropogenic movement, with devastating effects on the commercial A. mellifera. Here, we summarized the distribution and sex determination mechanism of A. cerana, the recent research results about the invasive A. cerana in Australia, and analyzed how they counteracted the handicap of their sex determination system by the queen's extreme polyandry, worker's reproduction, balancing selection and thelytoky. The knowledge reviewed here could be used as the reference to reveal the establishment mechanism of invasive populations of related social insects.
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