Interaction of pharmaceutical ionic liquids with TiO2 in anatase and rutile phase

Abstract

The coating of predominantly anatase and rutile phase TiO2 nanoparticles, with IL-APIs derived from ibuprofenate and containing lidocaine ([LID][IBU]) and bupivacaine ([BUP][IBU]) cations, and with an IL-API derived from docusate and containing the bupivacaine cation ([BUP][DOC]), was evaluated. The DSC, PXRD, DLS, and TEM techniques were used to determine the interactions between TiO2 and the IL-APIs. The antifungal activity and cytotoxicity of the IL-APIs were determined, considering biological and biomedical uses involving coated TiO2 nanoparticles. In accordance with DSC and PXRD, the [BUP][IBU] and anatase TiO2 mixture showed the most significant changes in thermal behavior and diffraction pattern compared to the starting materials. Additionally, [BUP][IBU] formed a thicker layer (coating) around the anatase TiO2. The [BUP][IBU] had an acceptable level of toxicity and better antifungal activity (smallest MIC values) than the two other IL-APIs. The mixture of [BUP][IBU] and anatase TiO2 resulted in the most promising interactions for an application involving TiO2 nanoparticle coating.