Integration of hydrothermal liquefaction of Cyanophyta and supercritical water oxidation of its aqueous phase products: Biocrude production and nutrient removal

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Cyanophyta has the potential to produce biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL). However, aqueous phase products (APs), as by-products of HTL, pose a risk of eutrophication for the high levels of carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus. Supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) can efficiently convert organics into small molecules, offering a technique for the harmless treatment of APs. Effects of holding time, pressure, and moisture content on the biocrude yields from isothermal HTL (300 °C) and fast HTL (salt bath temperature of 500 °C) were comprehensively investigated. Biocrude properties were characterized by elemental analysis, FT-IR and GC–MS. Subsequently, the APs obtained under the conditions producing the highest biocrude yield were subjected to SCWO at 550 °C with different oxidation coefficients (n) from 0 to 2. Removal rates of chemical oxygen demand (COD), ammonia nitrogen (NH3−N), and total phosphorus (TP) were further explored. The results show that the highest biocrude yields from isothermal HTL and fast HTL were 24.2 wt% (300 °C, 1800 s, 25 MPa, and 80 wt% moisture content) and 21.9 wt% (500 °C, 40 s, 25 MPa, and 80 wt% moisture content), respectively. The biocrude primarily consisted of N-containing heterocyclic compounds, amides, and acids. SCWO effectively degraded the COD and TP in APs, while the NH3-N required further degradation. At n = 2, the highest removal rates of COD, NH3-N and TP were 98.5 %, 22.6 % and 89.1 %, respectively.