A review of effects of electromagnetic fields on ageing and ageing dependent bioeffects of electromagnetic fields.

Background: The proliferation of mobile phone usage has given rise to concerns about the potential health effects of electromagnetic fields (EMF), particularly in relation to heart rate variability (HRV), a key indicator of cardiac health. Previous studies have yielded inconsistent results using lower-order statistical measures, leaving a gap in understanding the nonlinear interactions between EMF exposure and HRV. Objective: This study aimed to investigate the effects of mobile phone EMF on HRV by employing bicoherence analysis of ECG data. It sought to determine whether the position of EMF exposure relative to the heart and the duration of exposure affected HRV parameters. Methods: Twenty subjects were recruited for the study, with ECG and EEG data collected under EMF and non-EMF conditions. ECG data were captured using a 12-lead system, with electrodes placed according to standard guidelines. EEG electrodes were positioned following the 10-20 system. Bicoherence and coherence analyses were conducted to assess nonlinear interactions in HRV activity and the relationship between heart and brain signals. The study also considered the duration of EMF exposure, comparing the effects of 10-minute and 40-minute sessions. Results: The bicoherence values for ECG data during EMF exposure at the left ear showed negligible differences, with values ranging between 0.0 to 0.04. However, chest positions V1 and V2 revealed statistically significant larger bicoherence values during non-EMF trials as opposed to EMF trials. Coherence analysis between ECG and EEG demonstrated significantly higher values across the 16-30Hz frequency band during EMF trials. No significant differences were observed for 10-minute EMF exposure, whereas 40-minute exposure sessions indicated a correlation with changes in HRV. Conclusion: The study's findings suggest that mobile phone EMF can affect HRV parameters, with the effects being more pronounced during longer exposure durations and when the source of EMF is closer to the heart. These results support the need for guidelines on safe mobile phone usage and further research into the effects of EMF on cardiac function.

In today’s world, most children are exposed to various manmade electromagnetic fields (EMFs). EMFs are electromagnetic waves less than 300 GHz. A developing child’s brain is vulnerable to electromagnetic radiation; thus, their caregivers’ concerns about the health effects of EMFs are increasing. EMF exposure is divided into 2 categories: extremely low frequencies (ELFs; 3–3,000 Hz), involving high-voltage transmission lines and in-house wiring; and radiofrequencies (RFs; 30 kHz to 300 GHz), involving mobile phones, smart devices, base stations, WiFi, and 5G technologies. The biological effects of EMFs on humans include stimulation, thermal, and nonthermal, the latter of which is the least known. Among the various health issues related to EMFs, the most important issue is human carcinogenicity. According to the International Agency for Research on Cancer’s (IARC’s) evaluation of carcinogenic risks to humans, ELFs and RFs were evaluated as possible human carcinogens (Group 2B). However, the World Health Organization’s (WHO’s) view of EMFs remains undetermined. This article reviews the current knowledge of EMF exposure on humans, specifically children. EMF exposure sources, biological effects, current WHO and IARC opinions on carcinogenicity, and effects of EMF exposures on children will be discussed. As well-controlled EMF experiments in children are nearly impossible, scientific knowledge should be interpreted objectively. Precautionary approaches are recommended for children until the potential health effects of EMF are confirmed.

With the rapid growth of wireless communication devices, the influences of electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human health are gathering increasing attention. Since the skin is the largest organ of the body and is located at the outermost layer, it is considered a major target for the health effects of EMF. Skin pigmentation represents one of the most frequent symptoms caused by various non-ionizing radiations, including ultraviolet radiation, blue light, infrared, and extremely low frequency (ELF). Here, we investigated the effects of EMFs with long-term evolution (LTE, 1.762 GHz) and 5G (28 GHz) bandwidth on skin pigmentation in vitro. Murine and Human melanoma cells (B16F10 and MNT-1) were exposed to either LTE or 5G for 4 h per day, which is considered the upper bound of average smartphone use time. It was shown that neither LTE nor 5G exposure induced significant effects on cell viability or pigmentation. The dendrites of MNT-1 were neither lengthened nor regressed after EMF exposure. Skin pigmentation effects of EMFs were further examined in the human keratinocyte cell line (MNT-1-HaCaT) co-culture system, which confirmed the absence of significant hyper-pigmentation effects of LTE and 5G EMFs. Lastly, MelanoDerm™, a 3D pigmented human epidermis model, was irradiated with LTE (1.762 GHz) or 5G (28 GHz), and image analysis and special staining were performed. No changes in the brightness of MelanoDerm™ tissues were observed in LTE- or 5G-exposed tissues, except for only minimal changes in the size of melanocytes. Collectively, these results imply that exposure to LTE and 5G EMFs may not affect melanin synthesis or skin pigmentation under normal smartphone use condition.

Effects of Different Electromagnetic Fields on Circadian Rhythms of Some Haematochemical Parameters in Rats

Controversial, sensational and often contradictory scientific reports have triggered active debates over the biological effects of electromagnetic fields (EMFs) in literature and mass media the last few decades. This could lead to confusion and distraction, subsequently hampering the development of a univocal conclusion on the real hazards caused by EMFs on humans. For example, there are lots of publications indicating that EMF can induce apoptosis and DNA strand-breaks in cells. On the other hand, these effects could rather be beneficial, in that they could be effectively harnessed for treatment of various disorders, including cancer. This review discusses and analyzes the results of various in vitro, in vivo and epidemiological studies on the effects of non-ionizing EMFs on cells and organs, including the consequences of exposure to the low and high frequencies EM spectrum. Emphasis is laid on the analysis of recent data on the role of EMF in the induction of oxidative stress and DNA damage. Additionally, the impact of EMF on the reproductive system has been discussed, as well as the relationship between EM radiation and blood cancer. Apart from adverse effects, the therapeutic potential of EMFs for clinical use in different pathologies is also highlighted.

Summary. Introduction: Today, the growing human exposure to radiofrequency electromagnetic fields is of serious concern to the population and the international scientific community. Sources of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields in residential areas include mobile radio base stations, signal repeaters, wireless broadband access points, TV and radio transmitters, satellite earth stations, radar and radio relay stations. Launching of 5G mobile networks will further complicate the electromagnetic situation in inhabited areas, especially in megacities where the size of exposed population is the largest. In the system of measures contributing to protection of the population from adverse health effects of electromagnetic fields, standards (regulations and other documents establishing electromagnetic fields permissible levels) play a significant role and lay the foundation for organizational and technical measures of protection. High importance of standards in ensuring electromagnetic safety served as the basis for our study. The objective of the study was to perform a comparative analysis of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields standards for inhabited areas and approaches to setting electromagnetic fields exposure levels adopted by different countries and international organizations. Methods: We reviewed of some aspects of biological effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields, regulations setting electromagnetic fields exposure limits in different countries and recommended by ICNIRP, and approaches to establishing those limits. Conclusions: We found a significant discrepancy in radiofrequency electromagnetic fields limits adopted in different countries, the legal status and scope of regulatory documents. Differences in the methodology for the development, adoption and approval of electromagnetic fields standard accompanied by differences in their legal status prevent uniform EMF standard setting.

The purpose of this study is to determine the role of low frequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) on human macrophages and their inflammatory response. The effects of EMF on humans are highly dependent on frequencies. Studies have shown that low EMF (25-30 Hz) frequencies can help lower inflammation and suppress pain, as well as induce healing in benign prostatic hyperplasia. Macrophages are known for their pro-inflammatory responses against foreign antigens and their anti-inflammatory and angiogenic responses in cancer. We wanted to determine the effects of 27Hz EMF on macrophage phagocytosis and gene expression to determine whether low frequency EMF can decrease inflammation. This can help us understand the role of low frequency EMF in macrophage function. This may provide further insight as to how macrophages may be affected when fighting disease, especially cancer. We incubated the monocytic cell line U937 with 200-400 ng of phorbol-12 myristate 13-acetate (PMA) for 24 hours to allow for differentiation into macrophages. Once cells had differentiated, we stained the cells with the eFluor 670 dye for 30 minutes. The cells were then washed and plated in 12-well plates at 1X106 cells/mL and allowed to attach for 15 minutes. Cells were exposed to 27 Hz EMF treatment for 30 or 60 minutes or no exposure at all (control). After EMF treatment, a solution of PE fluorescent beads was added to the cells. U937 cells were allowed to phagocytose for 60 minutes. Engulfment levels were then measured with Flow Cytometry and results were analyzed with FlowJo Software. The percentage of macrophages involved in engulfment of 1 bead, 2 beads, and 3+ beads were determined. With 30 minutes of 27Hz EMF treatment the macrophages showed a significant reduction in total engulfment compared to the control. When looking at the percentages of macrophages that engulfed 1 bead or 2 beads, a higher percentage of treated macrophages engulfed 1 bead and a similar percentage engulfed two beads as compared to the control. Interestingly, the percentage of macrophages that engulfed 3+ beads was reduced significantly. This suggests 30 minutes of exposure to EMF treatment decreased the aggressiveness of the macrophages. In contrast, after 60 minutes of exposure to EMF treatment, the total engulfment percentage increased by more than 5%. This was seen by a higher percentage of cells participating in engulfment of 3+ beads as compared to the control. In conclusion, we observed that with 30 minutes of exposure, macrophages tend to be less aggressive but after 60 minutes a shift in aggressiveness is observed. Our research implies that macrophages can be induced to a more aggressive state with 60 minutes of electromagnetic field treatment. Further research is ongoing to understand the effects of different time intervals of EMF treatment on macrophages. Citation Format: Weston Scot Burrup, Evita G. Weagel, Richard A. Robison, Kim L. O'Neill. Low frequency electromagnetic field suppresses macrophage phagocytosis [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2018; 2018 Apr 14-18; Chicago, IL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2018;78(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 5692.

Genotoxic and carcinogenic effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic fields

Physical activity as an option to reduce adverse effect of EMF exposure during pregnancy

This study investigated that whether a 2 mT, 60 Hz, sinusoidal electromagnetic field (EMF) alters the structure and function of cells. This research compared the effects of EMF on four kinds of cell lines: hFOB 1.19 (fetal osteoblast), T/G HA-VSMC (aortic vascular smooth muscle cell), RPMI 7666 (B lymphoblast), and HCN-2 (cortical neuronal cell). Over 14 days, cells were exposed to EMF for 1, 3, or 6 hours per day (hrs/d). The results pointed to a cell type-specific reaction to EMF exposure. In addition, the cellular responses were dependent on duration of EMF exposure. In the present study, cell proliferation was the trait most sensitive to EMF. EMF treatment promoted growth of hFOB 1.19 and HCN-2 compared with control cells at 7 and 14 days of incubation. When the exposure time was 3 hrs/d, EMF enhanced the proliferation of RPMI 7666 but inhibited that of T/G HA-VSMC. On the other hand, the effects of EMF on cell cycle distribution, cell differentiation, and actin distribution were unclear. Furthermore, we hardly found any correlation between EMF exposure and gap junctional intercellular communication in hFOB 1.19. This study revealed that EMF might serve as a potential tool for manipulating cell proliferation.

Brain tumours are of different cell types, the commonest being tumours of glia called gliomas. Many etiological factors of gliomas have been suggested and certain industries have been implicated. Several epidemiological studies have linked electromagnetic fields (EMFs) to gliomas. Health effects of EMFs have been studied, both in humans and in experimental animals, mainly with negative findings. Positive experimental evidence linking EMFs to tumours is the effect of EMFs on melatonin production by the pineal gland. Removal of the pineal gland in rats increases the incidence of tumours. Further epidemiological and experimental evidence is required to elucidate this possible link between EMFs and brain tumours.

Electromagnetic fields (EMF) have been shown to exert beneficial effects on cartilage tissue. Nowadays differentiated human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) are discussed as an alternative to repair cartilage. Therefore the impact of EMF on hMSCs during chondrogenic differentiation plays an important role. HMSCs cultures exposed to homogeneous sinusoidal extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (5 mT) produced by a solenoid underwent chondrogenic differentiation. After 3 weeks of culture chondrogenesis was assessed by toluidine blue and safranin-O staining, immunohistochemistry, quantitative real-time PCR for cartilage specific proteins and a DMMB-dye binding assay for glycosaminoglycans. Under EMF hMSCs showed a significant increase of collagen type II expression at passage 6. Aggrecan and SOX9 expression did not change significantly after EMF exposure. Collagen type X expression decreased under electromagnetic stimulation. Pellet cultures at passage 5 which had been treated by EMF provided a higher glycosaminoglycan (GAG)/DNA content than cultures which had not been exposed to EMF. Chondrogenic differentiation of hMSCs may be improved by EMF regarding collagen type II expression and GAG content of cultures. EMF might be a way to stimulate and maintain chondrogenesis of hMSCs and therefore a new step in regenerative medicine regarding tissue engineering of cartilage.KeywordsChondrogenic DifferentiationHuman Mesenchymal Stem CellAutologous Chondrocyte ImplantationPellet CultureChondrogenic PotentialThese keywords were added by machine and not by the authors. This process is experimental and the keywords may be updated as the learning algorithm improves.

Colloidal Silver in European Union is food additive. The aim of the study is to show the common effects of colloidal nano silver and electromagnetic fields. The influence on colloidal nano silver with concentration of 30 ppm was studied using the method of Drossinakis in electromagnetic waves in the range of ν=20 -70 Hz. The research was performed with the methods for spectral analyses Nonequilibrium energy spectrum (NES) and Differential nonequilibrium energy spectrum (DNES). The study was performed with research of parameters of pH and oxidation reduction potential (ORP). The control sample is the sample with colloidal nano silver. The sample was taken after the influence with electromagnetic fields on the sample with colloidal nano silver.
 The effect of electromagnetic fields is connected with increasing of the effects of colloidal nano silver. There are proofs with differences between samples and control sample with parameters of
 NES, DNES, pH, ORP.

Effect of low frequency pulsing electromagnetic fields on skin ulcers of venous origin in humans: A double‐blind study

The possible adverse effects of radiofrequency electromagnetic fields (EMF) emitted from mobile phones present a major public concern. Biological electrical activities of the human body are vulnerable to interference from oscillatory aspects of EMF, which affect fundamental cellular activities, in particular, the highly active development process of embryos. Some studies highlight the possible health hazards of EMF, while others contest the hypothesis of biological impact of EMF. The present study was designed to observe the histomorphological effects of EMF emitted by a mobile phone on the retinae of developing chicken embryos. Fertilized chicken eggs were exposed to a ringing mobile set on silent tone placed in the incubator at different ages of development. After exposure for the scheduled duration the retinae of the embryos were dissected out and processed for histological examination. The control and experimental embryos were statistically compared for retinal thickness and epithelial pigmentation grades. Contrasting effects of EMF on the retinal histomorphology were noticed, depending on the duration of exposure. The embryos exposed for 10 post-incubation days exhibited decreased retinal growth and mild pigmentation of the epithelium. Growth retardation reallocated to growth enhancement on increasing EMF exposure for 15 post-incubation days, with a shift of pigmentation grade from mild to intense. We conclude that EMF emitted by a mobile phone cause derangement of chicken embryo retinal differentiation.