Abstract
A survey of the influence of electric fields and impurities upon surface rearrangements of the refractory metals W, Ta, and Nb is given. This includes the measurement of activation energies for surface self-diffusion at high electric fields ( ⋍ 2 × 10 7 V/cm ) and the surface structural changes at low fields ( ⋍ 2 V/cm , dc-effect). The influence of the electric field on crystallite (whisker) growth is discussed briefly.
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