Abstract
Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) of bio-oil is a method of bio-oil upgrading. In this paper, x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) was synthesized as an HDO catalyst by the co-impregnation method. The HDO performances of x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) in the reaction process was evaluated and compared with Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 by the property and the yield of upgrading oil. The difference of the chemical composition between bio-oil and upgrading oil was evaluated by GC-MS. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 decreased the water and oxygen contents of upgrading oil, increased the high heating value, reduced acid content, and increased hydrocarbon content. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the yield of upgrading reached the maximum, from 33.9 wt% (Ni–Cu/HZSM-5) to 47.6 wt% (15%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5). The catalytic activities of x%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 (x = 5, 15, and 20) and Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 were characterized by XRD, N2 adsorption–desorption, NH3-Temperature-Programmed Desorption, H2-Temperature-Programmed Reaction, TEM, and XPS. The results showed that the addition of CeO2 increased the dispersion of active metal Ni, reduced the bond between the active metal and the catalyst support, increased the ratio of Bronsted acid to total acids, and decreased the reduction temperature of NiO. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the activity of catalyst reached the best. Finally, the carbon deposition resistance of deactivated catalysts was investigated by a Thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and the results showed that the addition of CeO2 could improve the carbon deposition resistance of catalysts. When the CeO2 addition was 15%, the coke deposition decreased from 41 wt% (Ni–Cu/HZSM-5) to 14 wt% (15%CeO2–Ni–Cu/HZSM-5).
Highlights
IntroductionA promising method for producing alternative fuel is to convert biomass into bio-oil
Biomass is one of the most promising renewable energy sources for supplementing traditional fossil fuels; at present, biomass energy accounts for 10–14% of the world’s energy supply [1].A promising method for producing alternative fuel is to convert biomass into bio-oil
From the energy utilization perspective, 270 ◦ C is the suitable temperature for HDO when the CeO2 content is 15% of the Ni–Cu/HZSM-5 catalyst
Summary
A promising method for producing alternative fuel is to convert biomass into bio-oil. Bio-oil composition is complex, its chemical properties are unstable, and it requires further modification and upgrades to become a high-quality liquid fuel. One of the most effective means of upgrading is the catalytic hydrogenation of bio-oil, in which catalyst selection plays a key role. Phenol was selected as a model compound to observe the hydrogenation activity of the catalysts. Their results showed that when the Ni loading was 10 wt% and the reaction temperature was 240 ◦ C, the activity of the catalyst was the highest and the conversion efficiency of phenol reached
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