Abstract
Abstract Hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) is an effective method for bio-oil upgrading. However, the high hydrogen consumption resulted in high bio-oil upgrading cost. In this study, an novel method of hydrogen generation from water for bio-oil HDO was reported. Zinc metal with zero valency was used to generate hydrogen through zinc hydrolysis reaction in the bio-oil HDO process. The effects of different temperatures (20 °C, 250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C, 400 °C) on in situ bio-oil HDO was investigated. The results showed that high temperatures resulted in high hydrogen yield that led to promoted HDO activity over zinc metal-based materials. Although 20 °C bio-oil HDO process generated the highest oil phase yield at 14.07%, 400 °C bio-oil upgrading process produced upgraded bio-oil with highest hydrocarbons content at 68.95%. Physicochemical properties of raw bio-oil improved significantly after bio-oil HDO upgrading at higher temperatures (250 °C, 300 °C, 350 °C and 400 °C). The pH of upgraded bio-oils (5.70–6.49) increased significantly compared to raw bio-oil (3.24). The higher heating value of upgraded bio-oils (28.67–33.43 MJ/kg) increased significantly compared to raw bio-oil (15.54 MJ/kg), and valuable hydrocarbons content improved significantly from 16.94% in raw bio-oil to 37.86%–68.95% in upgraded bio-oils.
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