Individualized Tourist Experience Route Recommendation : İstiklal Street in Beyoğlu

The historic city centre of Lhasa has preserved special types of historic and cultural heritage for various reasons, including strong religious beliefs, preservation policy, and slow globalisation. In addition to visual cultural heritage, the sound environment represents a cultural heritage that requires preservation. This paper presents an analysis of the sound environment of Lhasa's historic city centre based on field investigations and soundwalk measurements during the tourism high season. First, Lhasa's historic urban form and cultural background are introduced. Second, the relationship between the historic urban space and the sounds is investigated according to the sound sources. The sound taxonomy and the cultural meanings of these sounds are examined and identified. Third, the sound environments are evaluated from the perspectives of sound sources and sound changes with time and frequency. The sound pressure level is found to be high in the historic centre, which might affect the sound sources associated with cultural identities. Additionally, significant variations within the centre—both spatial and temporal—that are indentified in the sound pressure levels and spectrums are reflected in the characteristics of local daily life and social activities. Finally, comparisons are made between Lhasa's historic centre and a number of other historic centres and squares. Possible implications of the results and principles of soundscape preservation are also discussed, based on the case study of Lhasa.

In Spain, fifteen cities have been declared World Heritage Cities by UNESCO. This implies a responsibility to conserve all the heritage wealth of these places. However, what is the point of heritage if it cannot be known and visited? In order to be able to do this for all people, in equal and inclusive conditions, it is essential to consider Accessibility and Universal Design principles. This is a challenge that requires a personalised study in places that were precisely built with the idea of being inaccessible. In particular, the study of the urban fabric and pedestrian itineraries are the determining spaces that this article develops. The aim of this study is to determine the keys and possible guidelines for the definition of urban accessibility indicators in the routes of historic city centres. For this purpose, significant routes have been sought in historic centres from the accessibility point of view: areas of high pedestrian traffic (in many cases for tourist reasons). Thus, six of the fifteen historic quarters of the World Heritage Cities in Spain have been selected for the study, with examples of good accessibility practices and difficulties that can be identified in their itineraries. For this analysis, an initial study of the existing documentation on the subject (secondary information sources) is carried out, in addition to a direct analysis (primary information source) of the graphic documentation compiled in each of these places. Subsequently, a complementary analysis will be made of some examples of good practice in pedestrian routes in historic city centres in cities in other countries. On the basis of this preliminary analysis, a comparison will be made to establish common points and singularities among the different case studies first, and then with other cities. This diagnosis provides results that are identified as "keys to consider in the intervention on pedestrian routes in historic centres". These keys not only address issues of mobility, but also location, orientation, understanding, etc., thus addressing a holistic consideration of accessibility as a fundamental principle for all people, and in particular for the elderly sector, which is one of the groups that is clearly growing and which, without necessarily having to have a severe or recognised disability, needs an accessible environment that is easy to use. As a main conclusion, it can be said that the results of this study do not only have an internal application for these cities but can be perfectly extrapolated as a basis for the elaboration of specific indicators for any historic city centre in any city in the world, considering the necessary adaptation to the specific characteristics of each city.

This article analyzes the visual and textual representations of the "historical centre" of Bologna before and after 196% the year when the first of the city’s celebrated plans for the preservation of the ancient urban fabric were approved. In spite of the attempts made by architects and planners to precisely and "technically" define the object of the plans, the notion of "historical city centre" remained a vague and ambiguous one. Conflicting images of history, tradition, and centrality shaped the preservation policies, and were in turn reshaped by them. The visual, historical, and political discourse behind the Bologna plans intentionally brought together a multiplicity of local and non-local cultures, resulting in an overall reinvention of both a local identity and an idea of the city of the past.

Historic City Center Urban Regeneration: Case of Malaga and Kemeraltı, Izmir

This study presents a comprehensive methodology to improve monorail route selection in Kirkuk city, Iraq using a quantitative GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis. The primary aim of this study is to develop and apply a quantitative, GIS-based multi-criteria decision analysis framework for optimizing and objectively selecting the most suitable monorail route in Kirkuk city, Iraq, by integrating spatial, topographic, accessibility, service coverage, and economic factors in order to support sustainable and cost-effective urban transport planning in a post-conflict context. The research area covers 460.89 km², including an extensive road network of 5,533.27 km and 3,193 points of interest (POI). Four different monorail routes were analysed and evaluated using OpenStreetMap data derived from an analytic hierarchy process, digital elevation models and site suitability analysis. The approach uses weighted graph construction, various shortest path methods, and a wide range of performance metrics, including cost-effectiveness, service coverage, topographic conditions, and accessibility. Route optimization includes terrain suitability (scores from 0.50 to 0.78), elevation profile (288–393m), gradient limitations (maximum score 0.20 to 0.32), and points of interest (POIs) within a service radius of 500 m to 1 km. Based on this, Results shows Route 1 is the ideal choice as it found to be the most economical route (4.15 km, US$214.01 million), had the highest suitability score (0.70), and required the shortest travel time (9.61 minutes). On the contrary, Route 0 had the widest service coverage (31.37 km² service area, 66.1 points of interest within 500 m).

For thousands of years, cities have evolved with changing needs. Cities are like living organisms, which are exposed to transformations as a result of changing needs and requirements. City centres are one of the attractive, essential, and vital parts of the city that are also affected by these changes. Specifically, historic city centres, which refer to the origins of the city, will be discussed within this context. Urban design aims to shape our cities with better quality and provide better places for everyday life. In addition, urban regeneration can be utilized as generic public policy for solving problems and providing physical improvements for these cities. Although the problems that emerge in each city are similar, sometimes they change circumstantially. As a result, the planning, implementation, and management of urban regeneration projects as well as their sustainability can produce serious complications. This article focuses on the process of urban regeneration, historic city centres, and the Mediterranean region and aims to develop an applicable regeneration framework for historic city centres limited to the Mediterranean region. First, the main problems of these cities are described. Next, characteristics of historic city centres and associated problems of the Mediterranean region are explained. Subsequently, the concept of urban regeneration is clarified, and the processes involved are discussed. Finally, an applicable urban regeneration framework for historic Mediterranean city centres, developed by the authors, is explained with the goal to reduce social segregation while incorporating the contributions of views from both local inhabitants and stakeholders in the process. The methodology of the overall research presented in this article is mainly based on a critical review of primary and secondary documents from the literature through a comparative and exploratory approach.

The geographic disparity of agglomeration economies: Evidence from industrial activities in China's emerging greater bay area

Brazilian historical cities face the challenge of developing urban mobility plans, preserving the historical and cultural heritage and preserving the original urban characteristics. A plausible solution to reduce the impacts of the flow of goods in historical cities is to investigate different deliveries systems to reduce the externalities of this activity. This paper presents the results of a survey that identified the factors involved in the implementation of an Urban Distribution Centre (UDC) in Sabara (Brazil), considering modes non-motorized to perform the delivery in historic centres. For this, we identified the perception of retailers concerning historical and technical attributes. We analysed the data using descriptive statistics. The results indicate that lack of attractiveness of UDC, considering the point of view of retailers located in historic city centre. However, we identify the need to explore solutions for urban delivery in Brazilian historical cities to preserve historic heritage.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to assess the risk of post-earthquake fire (PEF) in the historic city centre of Aveiro, Portugal, by integrating seismic vulnerability analysis, fire risk assessment and GIS-based spatial modelling. Through building surveys and scenario-based analysis, the study identifies ignition risks, fire spread potential and road blockage hazards following a seismic event. It further evaluates the impact of mitigation strategies, such as automatic gas shut-off valves, to enhance urban resilience. The findings aim to support emergency planning and inform public policies for disaster risk reduction in historic urban areas. Design/methodology/approach The study combines field surveys, photographic documentation and GIS mapping to assess PEF risk in Aveiro's historic centre. Seismic vulnerability was evaluated using index-based methods for masonry and reinforced concrete buildings. Fire risk was quantified using a modified ARICA fire risk index method, while PEF scenarios were developed by correlating damage levels with ignition risks. Fire spread was modelled using an elliptical propagation model considering wind and urban density. Road blockage risk was assessed based on building collapse potential. Mitigation measures, including automatic gas shut-off valves, were simulated to evaluate their impact on fire ignition and spread. Findings The study found that 51% of buildings in Aveiro's historic centre face moderate to very high PEF risk under EMS-98 intensity VIII, with masonry structures being significantly more vulnerable than reinforced concrete ones. Fire spread analysis showed rapid escalation, affecting 2% of buildings within 15 min and 19% within 30 min. Additionally, 23% of roads were classified as high risk for blockage, potentially hindering emergency response. Implementation of automatic gas shut-off valves reduced ignition risk in some buildings but had limited overall impact due to broad risk classification intervals. Key vulnerable zones were identified for targeted mitigation and planning. Originality/value This study presents a novel, integrated approach to PEF risk assessment at the urban scale, combining seismic vulnerability, fire risk, fire spread and road blockage analyses within a GIS framework. Applied to Aveiro's historic centre, it uniquely incorporates real building data and explores the impact of mitigation strategies such as automatic gas shut-off valves. The methodology's adaptability to other European historic urban areas enhances its relevance. By identifying high-risk zones and infrastructure weaknesses, the study provides valuable insights for urban planners, policymakers and emergency services aiming to improve resilience and reduce cascading disaster risks in historic city centres.

The changes of urban forms inside of post-socialist cities (during the last 25 years) had transformed the life-style of the city and created a more adaptable and resilient city. The core of the city, the historical city centre represent the object of the present study, whereby evidences and assessments of transformations that occurred had been highlighted. Using a GIS analysis, the socialist relicts inside of historical city centre are analysed from the economic, social and built-up area point of view. The historical transformations of the city are presented in order to understand the local context that the city (and historical centre) faced. The analysis concentrates upon the present state of the study area, aiming to reveal patterns of economic, social, demographic and morphologic features of urban transformations. The results emphasis a heterogeneous construction of the city centre, with a lack of cultural and urban identity, where social processes of gentrification, stratification, poverty and social exclusion cannot hide the process of rebranding that the city is trying to achieve.

The preservation of the chromatic image of historical cities as a cultural value. The old city of Valencia (Spain)

This document is a Show the relationship between the components of the Morphological city contents (form) and functions of traditional activities in historical city centers. The research problem relating to non-clarity of the priorities of Development in urban renewal of historic city centers. In this part, the intervention in methodologies that define the nature of the changes in the morphological form of built environment in Historical Cities Centers. And in this relationship effect on continuance of traditional functions activities in historical city centers. Search assumes that the system (individuals and institutions - legislation) controlled on the morphology of historic city centers and determine the nature of their transformations, and play a more important role in providing an integrated morphological urban form of historical city centers visions. Variables have been studied within the core focus on the activities of the intervention (methodologies with the foundations of the theory and practical) and draw the indicators and their application to the historic center of the city of Najaf and propose methodologies best suited to deal with that status. Where you play the following aspects: (individuals and institutions), (legislation), the most important role in providing integrated vision of the city influence and control in one way or another in Transformations morphology historic city centers within methodologies intervention.

The article examines the existing recreational zones in the central areas of Baku and Nevshehir – cities rich in historical heritage and highlights their significance while proposing future development strategies. Focusing on the recreational zones within the historic city centers of these two urban areas, the study underscores the necessity of developing comprehensive planning proposals to ensure the sustainability of these zones in ecological, socio-economic, and cultural dimensions. The analysis emphasizes the role of these zones in enhancing the development potential of both the cities and their respective countries by integrating them into well-organized tourist routes. It further stresses the need for protection plans to safeguard these valuable areas, preserving their historical and cultural integrity. A survey was conducted to support the strategic development of recreational zones around historic sites. Participants were queried about the challenges and drawbacks that could impede the advancement of recreational zones in historical centers. Insights from the survey were used to formulate a structural plan aimed at fostering the sustainable development of these recreational zones, contributing to the holistic growth and vitality of the cities. Keywords: Baku, Icherisheher, Avanos, recreation zones, historical city centers, tourism potential

Archaized block is a unique form of urban tourism resources. Although it has gained much popularity among tourists, studies on archaized blocks, especially the tourist experience, are limited. Using sensory marketing theory, this study investigates the tourist experience of archaized blocks. A qualitative content analysis approach was employed to analyze 1,231 tourist-generated online text reviews. This analysis identified five dimensions of the tourist experience in archaized blocks. Specifically, multisensory experiences were recognized as the most fundamental tourists’ experiences that can stimulate more valuable tourism experiences, including a sense of the past, cultural confidence, and leisure identity. Besides, the findings showed that multisensory experiences can also result in a negative tourism experience: travel burnout. This study offers significant theoretical and practical implications for archaized block tourism studies and sensory marketing practices. Last, this research also calls for more international scholars to explore archaized blocks, advocating for a nuanced understanding that acknowledges the diverse dynamics of archaized blocks in different sociocultural contexts.

There is an increasing interest in the conservation of historical cities since they provide a link to the roots of their communities and bring cultural and economic benefits to their inhabitants. In this paper, we present an approach to promote the knowledge of the UNESCO World Heritage city of San Cristóbal de La Laguna in the Canary Islands, Spain. The city was founded in 1496 and has a unique value due to its urban design. In this work, we present a web application that allows a user to locate places and addresses of the current city in its first known map authored by Leonardo Torriani in the 16th century. To build this application we have georeferenced the ancient map in the current cartography. The georeferencing process needs the identification of homologous ground control points in the coordinate systems of both the old map and the current cartography, and the definition of a transform between them. Best results were obtained with the non-parametric natural transform interpolation leading to a global mean error of 4.9 m that reduces to 3.2 m in the historical city centre. To provide a fast response to the user of the web application, a technique to precompute offline the natural transform is presented. The web application has a simple front-end where the user fills the current city address in a form. This activates a query to obtain the geographical coordinates of the address that are transformed to map coordinates using the pre-computed transformation. These map coordinates are used by a map viewer in the front end that locates the user address in the ancient map. To test the performance of the web application, the load of the system has been analysed obtaining a latency of 1.4 s in 50 concurrent users. Results show that the web application provides accurate results in the historical centre while providing satisfactory response times.Highlights:- This study investigates the issue of georeferencing the first historic map (16th century) of San Cristóbal de La Laguna and the possibility to geolocate current city addresses.- By using the natural interpolation method, the georeferencing errors were diminished below 4 m in most of the historic city.- A user-friendly web application has been designed which precisely locates current directions in the old map providing a valuable tool for the promotion of the heritage of the city.