Increasing Temperature Alters the Effects of Extracellular Copper on Thalassiosira Pseudonana Physiology and Transcription

Wang Cao,Hong Du,Xinjie Wang,Ping Li,Wenhua Liu

doi:10.3390/jmse9080816

Abstract

Copper (Cu) is essential for many physiological processes in phytoplankton, including electron-transfer reactions and high-affinity Fe transport systems. However, at high concentrations, Cu can have a toxic effect on phytoplankton. Phytoplankton’s tolerance to certain toxicants in marine ecosystems cannot always be solely attributed to the presence of compounds, as various environmental factors including temperature can also indirectly influence their effects on organisms. In this study, we investigated the effects of different Cu concentrations (0, 19.6, 160, 800, and 8000 nM) on the growth and physiological changes in the centric diatom Thalassiosira pseudonana (CCMP 1335) when simultaneously applied with temperature cultivation of 20 °C and 25 °C. At low (0 nM) and high (8000 nM) Cu concentrations, the growth rate of T. pseudonana was inhibited, though an increase in temperature lessened this inhibition. There were no significant changes in the POC:PON ratio during all of the treatments. However, increasing the temperature significantly decreased the POC: POP, PON: POP and BSi: POP ratios of T. pseudonana. The intracellular Cu content of T. pseudonana varied from 0.13 to 13.28 fg cell−1 in response to increases in ambient Cu concentrations. Lastly, an increase in the Cu concentration decreased the transcriptional expression of CTR (copper transporter), 3Hfcp (photosynthetic protein), and Sit1 (silica shell formation) encoding genes. In conclusion, our results indicated that T. pseudonana can adapt to physiological processes and molecular mechanisms in response to varying Cu concentrations and ambient temperatures.

Highlights

Trace metals are required for numerous physiological processes in phytoplankton [1,2,3].In particular, copper (Cu) is critical for photosynthesis [4], respiration [5] and the quenching of reactive oxygen species via superoxide dismutase [6]
Copper addition significantly increased the growth rates of Thalassiosira pseudonana at 20 ◦ C and 25 ◦ C when Cu concentrations were less than 160 nM (Figure 1)
Increasing copper concentration significantly reduced the growth rates of T. pseudonana at 20 ◦ C when Cu concentrations were more than 160 nM (Figure 1)

Summary

Introduction

Trace metals are required for numerous physiological processes in phytoplankton [1,2,3].In particular, copper (Cu) is critical for photosynthesis [4], respiration [5] and the quenching of reactive oxygen species via superoxide dismutase [6]. Plasticity is evident in the use of trace metals, wherein elemental substitutions can occur under limiting conditions and excess intracellular accumulation of metals can occur when external concentrations are high [15,16]. Phytoplankton can modulate their growth, elemental stoichiometry and photosynthetic activity to respond to fluctuating levels of Cu concentration [17,18]. Varying Cu concentrations can alter the community compositions of phytoplankton, because diatoms have a higher tolerance than cyanobacteria and dinoflagellates [8]

Methods

Results

Discussion

Conclusion