Inclusive characterization of 3D printed concrete (3DPC) in additive manufacturing: A detailed review

Abstract

This review paper aims to provide an inclusive characterization of the use of concrete in additive manufacturing by exploring the various parameters that affect the extrudability, pumpability, buildability, thixotropy, interlayer bonding, and anisotropy of concrete in 3D printing. The effects of using different materials, such as cement, supplementary cementitious materials (SCMS), fiber, superplasticizers, accelerators, aggregate, and nano clay, were examined in the concrete mix design. Results show that using cement, SCMS, and fibers in the concrete mix design can significantly affect the concrete's extrudability, pumpability, and buildability. Evaluating the properties of the concrete mixture, both in its fresh and hardened state, is crucial in determining the optimal mix design for 3D concrete printing. This assessment helps ensure that the resulting structure will have the desired performance. However, the long-term durability and sustainability of 3D-printed concrete structures are still uncertain. The paper concludes with a call for further research and development in the field of concrete in additive manufacturing, with a focus on developing a suitable concrete mix design and investigating the long-term durability and sustainability of 3D-printed concrete structures. Additionally, universally accepted standards for 3D-printed concrete structures should be established and implemented to ensure safety and longevity.