Incentives for promoting Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Norway

A smart charge scheduling model is presented for potential (1) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) enabled battery electric vehicle (BEV) owners who are willing to participate in the grid ancillary services, and (2) grid operators. Unlike most V2G implementations, which are considered from the perspective of power grid systems, this model includes a communication network architecture for connecting system components that supports both BEV owners and grid operators to efficiently monitor and manage the charging and ancillary service activities. This model maximizes the net profit to each BEV participant while simultaneously satisfying energy demands for his/her trips. The performance of BEVs using the scheduling model is validated by estimating optimal annual financial benefits under different scenarios. An analysis of popular BEV models revealed that one of the existing BEVs considered in the study can generate an annual regulation profit of $454, $394 and $318 when the average daily driving distance is 20 miles, 40 miles and 60 miles, respectively. All popular BEV models can completely compensate the energy cost and generate a positive net profit, through the application of the scheduling model presented in this paper, with an annual driving distance of approximately 15,000 miles. Simulation analysis indicated that the extra load distribution from the optimized BEV charging operations were well balanced compared to the unmanaged BEV operations.

Simultaneous estimation of battery electric vehicle adoption with endogenous willingness to pay

The Thesis examines the role of incentives, as means of promotion, with regards to their connection with Battery-Electric-Vehicles sales and electric-Mobility growth worldwide. Economic incentives, such as exemptions from purchase tax and VAT among others are discussed and considered strong encouragements and crucial for promoting the purchase and ownership of BEVs. Apart from fiscal and non-fiscal incentives that are typically introduced by countries and are mostly related to purchase incentives such as subsidies, tax benefits and exemptions, infrastructure promotion measures, traffic regulations and other benefits such as free parking, the Thesis evaluates the revolutionary Vehicle-To-Grid technology and its concept applications with the possibility of becoming a motivating factor which could increase the share of BEVs in transportation sector. The V2G concept allows BEV owners to make a profit from owning a BEV while it is connected to the power grid. A sociotechnical analysis of e-Mobility and V2G technology along with a SWOT analysis of e-Mobility in Attica, Greece are performed. The Thesis concludes that the V2G concept, already applied by several countries, apart from the technological challenges it has to overcome, comprises an incentive that could assist in the rapid growth of BEVs, create new business and employment opportunities, promote innovation and partnerships, benefit public health and the environment.

Large-scale deployment of electric vehicles in Germany by 2030: An analysis of grid-to-vehicle and vehicle-to-grid concepts

Why are charging stations associated with electric vehicle adoption? Untangling effects in three United States metropolitan areas

Electric vehicles (EVs) are related to various symbols, identities, and beliefs, and are considered much more than a means of transport. Existing literature has investigated the contribution of financial incentives and various psychological factors to the EV purchase decision. However, few studies investigate the effect of psychological factors on post-purchase EV use. We emphasize that the ultimate success in the widespread acceptance of EVs depends acutely on their post-purchase use. This study empirically addressed the effect of perceived attributes related to EVs, perceived accidental risk, self-environmental identity, and general environmental beliefs on the annual vehicle kilometres travelled (VKT) by battery electric vehicle (BEV) owners. Drivers who own only BEVs and those who own both internal combustion engine vehicles and BEVs were compared to identify the role of psychological factors in BEV use in a Norwegian sample. The dataset was analysed using an ordinary least squared regression model. The socio-demographic characteristics and mobility patterns of the two groups are investigated. The findings indicate that economic aspects are positively associated with annual VKT for sole BEV owners, whereas perceived operating barriers have a negative effect on annual VKT for the other group. The results suggest the inclusion of psychological factors in predicting a more precise model of the induced travel demand of EV owners, which, in turn, is necessary to estimate energy demand accurately and to take steps in establishing the required infrastructure.

The introduction of battery electric vehicles (BEV) and the expansion of rooftop photovoltaic (PV) power generation are both progressing at a fast pace to decarbonize the transport and the energy sector in Switzerland. These parallel developments have an enormous synergy potential as the actual decarbonization impact of BEVs depends heavily on the carbon footprint of the power source and the PV expansion requires local storage as a buffer to reduce negative impacts on the distribution grid. We present an empirical analysis based on a detailed 10-month data set of the charging and mobility behavior of 78 BEV users in Switzerland. It is combined with a fine-grained digital surface model of Switzerland to extract the detailed roof geometry and the corresponding rooftop PV generation capacity of each of the BEV owner’s houses.We test four different smart charging strategies with a varying degree of complexity and find that when charging uncontrolled (the strategy used during the study), BEV owners can only cover 15 % of their BEV’s demand using PV generated from the roofs of their own houses. A simple controlled charging approach greatly increases the average coverage to 56 % and up to 90 % or 99 % when using an optimized charging strategy without or with a home battery storage. All charging strategies ensure that the individual mobility behavior of the BEV owners is not affected.We further show that using rooftop PV power generation for BEV charging has a large potential to further decrease the climate impact of BEVs and propose simple adjustments to consider in charging strategies that help to increase the owners’ PV consumption.

Electric vehicle adoption in a mature market: A case study of Norway

Manufacturing value chain for battery electric vehicles in Pakistan: An assessment of capabilities and transition pathways

A latent-based segmentation framework for the investigation of charging behaviour of electric vehicle users

The market ramp-up of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) continues to falter in Germany. One reason is missing user acceptance for BEVs, mainly due to insufficient range, inadequate charging infrastructure, and excessive costs. Many of these obstacles could be addressed through battery swapping stations. This study validates existing barriers to e-mobility, investigates whether battery swapping could alleviate existing barriers, and identifies potential concerns associated with battery swapping. This study is based on an online questionnaire completed by 1902 individuals representative of the German population. Results indicate that individuals interested in BEVs particularly recognize battery swapping as a problem solver. BEV owners also recognize the potential of swapping but have fewer concerns regarding e-mobility in the first place. A discrete choice experiment embedded in the survey revealed a willingness to pay an additional €56 per month for a BEV with swapping technology compared to a BEV with an integrated battery.

An appropriate charging infrastructure is one of the key aspects needed to support the mass adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs), and it is suggested that publically available fast chargers could play a key role in this infrastructure. As fast charging is a relatively new technology, very little research is conducted on the topic using real world datasets, and it is of utmost importance to measure actual usage of this technology and provide evidence on its importance to properly inform infrastructure planning. 90,000 fast charge events collected from the first large-scale roll-outs and evaluation projects of fast charging infrastructure in the UK and the US and 12,700 driving days collected from 35 BEVs in the UK were analysed. Using multiple regression analysis, we examined the relationship between daily driving distance and standard and fast charging and demonstrated that fast chargers are more influential. Fast chargers enabled using BEVs on journeys above their single-charge range that would have been impractical using standard chargers. Fast chargers could help overcome perceived and actual range barriers, making BEVs more attractive to future users. At current BEV market share, there is a vital need for policy support to accelerate the development of fast charge networks.

Can China’s BEV market sustain without government subsidies?: An explanation using cues utilization theory

The widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles (BEVs) is hindered by their limited ranges and long charging times. Optimizing eco-driving strategies and BEV-specific routing through a thorough understanding of the BEV discharge behavior is vital to overcome these barriers in the short term. Therefore, this study investigates the impact of road types on the BEV discharge behavior while accounting for explanatory variables (i.e., ambient temperature, the initial state of charge, and driver). Thirty participants drove a 2017 Volkswagen eGolf along two predefined routes in Rhode Island. The results illustrate that BEVs are the most efficient on-road types with medium speed and low variation (i.e., “major collectors,” “minor arterials,” and “other principal arterials”). Meanwhile, findings confirmed a significantly higher average energy consumption rate on roads with higher average speeds (“interstates” and “other freeways/expressways”). Moreover, “local roads,” associated with a low average travel speed and a high variation in speed, showed a negative effect on BEV efficiency. The study further supported previous findings that BEVs are less efficient in colder temperatures. Thus, adapting eco-driving strategies, including the alteration of route choice to avoid “local roads” and “interstates,” can offer BEV drivers the potential for energy savings and range extensions. We propose a consideration of these findings to mitigate the effects of BEV range limitations and ease BEV adoption and ownership.

What are the barriers to widespread adoption of battery electric vehicles? A survey of public perception in Tianjin, China