Abstract
Received: 2016-02-23  |  Accepted: 2016-04-21  |  Available online: 2016-05-30 dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2016.19.02.59-63 The aim of the paper was to evaluate trends in inbreeding and loss of genetic diversity in four beef cattle breeds (Blonde d´Aquitaine-BA, Charolais-CH, Limousine-LI, Simmental-SM). The highest ratio of inbred animals was found in the SM breed (63.6 %) and the lowest in the LI (14.1 %). The highest average inbreeding intensity we found in the SM, the lowest in the BA. The amount of genetic diversity in the reference population accounting for diversity loss due to genetic drift and unequal founder contributions was the highest in the SM (6.2 %), following the BA (3.5 %), LI (1.1 %) and CH (0.9 %). The proportion of genetic diversity lost due to genetic drift was higher in BA, CH, LI than the loss of genetic diversity due to unequal founder contribution. Keywords: beef cattle, pedigree analysis, inbreeding, genetic diversity References Boichard, D., Maignel,L. and Verrier. E. (1997) The value of using probabilities of gene origin to measure genetic variability in a population. Genet. Sel. Evol ., vol.29, no. 5, pp.5-23. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-29-1-5 Cabalero, A. and Toro, M.A. (2000) Interrelations between effective population size and other tools for management of conserved populations. Genet. Res ., vol. 75, no. 3, pp.331-343. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/S0016672399004449 Gutiérrez, J.P. and Goyache, F. ( 2005) Note on ENDOG: a computer program for analysis pedigree information. J. Anim.Breed. Genet ., vol.122. pp.172-176. Gutiérrez, J.P., Goyache, F. and Cervantes, F. ( 2009) Endog v 4.6. A computer program for monitoring genetic variability of populations using pedigree information. User guide . Madrid: Universidad Complutense de Madrid. 45 p.. KadleÄÃk, O. and PavlÃk,I. (2012) Genealogical analysis in small populations: The case of four Slovak beef cattle breeds. Slovak J. Anim. Sci., vol. 45, no. 4. pp. 111-117. Kasarda. R. and KadleÄÃk. O. (2007) An economic impact of inbreeding in the purebred population of Pinzgau cattle in Slovakia on milk production traits. Czech J. Anim. Sci., vol. 52, no. 1, pp. 7-11. Krupa, E., Žáková, E. and Krupová, Z. (2015) Evaluation of inbreeding and genetic variability of five pig breeds in Czech Republic. Asian Australas. J.Anim. Sci.. vol. 28, no. 1, pp. 25-36. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.14.0251 Lacy, R.C. (1989) Analysis of founder representation in pedigree: Founder equivalents and founder genome equivalents. Zool.Biol ., vol. 8, no. 2, pp. 111-123. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430080203 Lacy, R.C. (1995) Classification of genetic terms and their use in the management of captive populations. Zoo. Biol ., vol. 14, no. 6, pp. 565-577. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/zoo.1430140609 Melka, M.G. et al. (2013) Analyses of genetic diversity in five Canadian dairy breeds using pedigree data. J. Anim. Breed. Genet ., vol. 130, pp. 476â486. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/jbg.12050 McParland, S. et al. (2007) Inbreeding trends and pedigree analysis of Irish dairy and beef cattle populations. Journal of Animal Science , vol. 85, no. 2, pp.322-331. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.2527/jas.2006-367 Maignel, L., Boichard, D. and Verrier.E. (1996) Genetic variability of French dairy breeds estimated from pedigree information. Interbul Bulletin , vol. 14, pp.49-54. Meuwissen, T.H.E. and Luo,Z. (1992) Computing in breeding coefficients in large populations. Genet. Sel. Evol., vol. 24. pp. 305-313. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.1186/1297-9686-24-4-305 PavlÃk.I, et al. (2014) Pedigree analysis of Thoroughbred horses in Slovakia. Acta fytotechnica et zootechnica, vol. 17, no. 4, pp. 122-126. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.15414/afz.2014.17.04.122-126 Stachowic, K. et al. (2011) Schenkel Rates of inbreeding and genetic diversity in Canadian Holstein and Jersey cattle. J. Dairy Sci ., vol. 94, no.  10, pp. 5160â5175. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.3168/jds.2010-3308 Å IDLOVÃ, V. et al. (2015) Genomic variability among cattle populations based on runs of homozygosity. Poljoprivreda , vol. 21. no. 1 (Supplement), pp. 44-47. Tang, G. Q. et al. (2013) Inbreeding and genetic Ddversity in three imported swine breeds in China using pedigree data Asian Australas. J. Anim .Sci ., vol.26, no. 6, pp.755-765.  doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.5713/ajas.2012.12645 Trakovická, A. et al.(2015) Impact of SNPs in candidate genes on economically important traits in Pinzgau cattle. Poljoprivreda . vol. 21, no. 1(Supplement), pp. 150-154. doi: http://dx.doi.org/10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.35
Highlights
Knowing the level of genetic diversity is the basis for effective breeding work with a population
Genetic diversity loss can be derived from parameters based on probability of gene origin like effective number of founders, or founder genome equivalent, effective number of founder genomes, or founder genome equivalent and effective number of non-founders, or non-founder equivalent as described Lacy (1995), Cabalero and Toro (2000)
The Blonde dAquitaine (BA) and SM breeds had the most complete pedigrees with PCI = 100% in parental generation followed by CH (99.7%) and LI (93.4%)
Summary
Knowing the level of genetic diversity is the basis for effective breeding work with a population. Genetic diversity has economic and environmental benefits, allowing for undertaking genetic improvement of animals for economically important traits and facilitating adaptation to changing production systems (Melka et al, 2013). Trakovická et al (2015) pointed out that several genes were determined as populations genetic indices with potential significance of their impact on long-life production traits in endangered Pinzgau cattle. Similar results are important because in several studies were demonstrated (Kasarda and Kadlečík, 2007; McParland et al, 2007; Kadlečík et al, 2012; Tang et al, 2013; Pavlík et al, 2014) improvement of inbreeding intensity that negatively influenced genetic diversity status and economics of some traits. Several authors have reported genetic diversity loss (Melka et al, 2013 in Guersey population, Krupa et al, 2015 in 5 breeds of pigs). Mészáros et al (2015) pointed out genomic analysis importance for effective management in small and endangered populations
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