In Vitro Effects of Bisphenol A and Tetrabromobisphenol A on Cell Viability and Reproduction-Related Gene Expression in Pituitaries from Sexually Maturing Atlantic Cod (Gadus morhua L.)

Kristine Von Krogh,Trude Marie Haug,Erik Ropstad,Rasoul Nourizadeh-Lillabadi,Finn-Arne Weltzien

doi:10.3390/fishes4030048

Kristine Von Krogh, Trude Marie Haug + Show 3 more

Open Access

https://doi.org/10.3390/fishes4030048

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Journal: Fishes	Publication Date: Sep 17, 2019
Citations: 11	License type: CC BY 4.0

Affiliation: Norwegian University of Life Sciences, University of Oslo

Abstract

Bisphenol A (BPA) and tetrabromobisphenol A (TBBPA) are widely used industrial chemicals, ubiquitously present in the environment. While BPA is a well-known endocrine disruptor and able to affect all levels of the teleost reproductive axis, information regarding TBBPA on this subject is very limited. Using primary cultures from Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua), the present study was aimed at investigating potential direct effects of acute (72 h) BPA and TBBPA exposure on cell viability and the expression of reproductive-relevant genes in the pituitary. The results revealed that both bisphenols stimulate cell viability in terms of metabolic activity and membrane integrity at environmentally relevant concentrations. BPA had no direct effects on gonadotropin gene expression, but enhanced the expression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) receptor 2a, the main gonadotropin modulator in Atlantic cod. In contrast, TBBPA increased gonadotropin transcript levels but had no effect on GnRH receptor mRNA. In conclusion, both anthropogenic compounds display endocrine disruptive properties and are able to directly interfere with gene expression related to reproductive function in cod pituitary cells at environmentally relevant concentrations in vitro.

Highlights

During the last few decades, attention towards the potentially harmful effects of industrial chemicals released into the environment has increased dramatically
The AB and carboxyfluorescein diacetate-actetoxymethyl ester (CFDA-AM) viability assays performed on these cells revealed that the solvent had statistically significant negative effects on both metabolic activity and membrane integrity (Supplementary data, Figure S1)
This study demonstrates that single, acute exposure to either Bisphenol A (BPA) or relevant concentrations can affect cell viability and reproduction-related at environmentally concentrations can affectaffecting cell viability and reproduction-related gene expression in Atlanticrelevant cod pituitary cells, potentially the reproductive capacities of gene expression in Atlantic cod pituitary cells, potentially affecting the reproductive capacities of this this species

Summary

Introduction

During the last few decades, attention towards the potentially harmful effects of industrial chemicals released into the environment has increased dramatically. Many of these chemicals are endocrine disruptive compounds (EDCs), capable of interfering with normal endocrine function in animals, including fish. The physiological compartments of vertebrate reproduction comprise of the brain—pituitary—gonadal (BPG) axis, where neuroendocrine and endocrine substances relay communication between the different axis levels. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), released through neuron fibers from the preoptic area and binding to its receptors in the pituitary, stimulates gonadotropin synthesis and release [1]. The gonadotropins, follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH), in turn, bind to receptors in the gonads, stimulating gametogenesis and steroidogenesis. Sex steroids will provide feedback to the higher levels of the BPG axis [2,3,4]

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