Abstract
Simple SummaryCurrently, vegetable protein sources such as soybean meal and rapeseed meal are expensive and with volatile prices. These economic circumstances are driving the research of potential new protein resources for beef cattle diets that can reduce the ration cost without compromising animal productive yields. As possible candidates, camelina meal and camelina expeller have been studied; they are co-products with a high protein percentage, obtained after oil extraction from the oil seeds of Camelina sativa. The objectives of this study were to characterize these camelina co-products and ascertain if they could be useful ingredients for beef cattle diets. The results indicate that the diets formulated with camelina meal and camelina expeller do not show differences in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis compared to the current reference proteins, camelina meal diet being the most similar to soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets, and camelina expeller the diet with the highest fermentation potential. The results of soybean meal as an individual ingredient reveal more differences with camelina co-products. In vivo studies are necessary to draw conclusions, but in vitro results obtained suggest that camelina meal and camelina expeller are potential substitutes for rapeseed meal in beef cattle diets.Camelina meal (CM) and camelina expeller (CE) were compared with soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal (RM). Trial 1 consisted of a modified Tilley and Terry in vitro technique. Trial 2 was an in situ technique performed by incubating nylon bags within cannulated cows. Trial 3 consisted in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. In Trial 1, CM, CE and RM showed similar DM digestibility and OM digestibility, and SM was the most digestible ingredient (p < 0.05). Trial 2 showed that CE had the numerically highest DM degradability, but CP degradability was similar to RM. Camelina meal had a DM degradability similar to SM and RM and had an intermediate coefficient of CP degradability. In Trial 3, CE diet tended to present a higher true OM digestibility than SM diet (p = 0.06). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was higher in CE and CM diets than in SM diet (p = 0.009). Crude protein degradation tended to be higher (p = 0.07), and dietary nitrogen flow tended to be lower (p = 0.06) in CE diet than in CM diet. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CE and CM as protein sources differ in CP coefficient of degradability but their results were similar to RM. More differences were detected with regard to SM.
Highlights
Meeting protein requirements in ruminant nutrition can be costly
Comparing both Camelina sativa co-products, Camelina meal (CM) contained higher values of crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and lignin compared to camelina expeller (CE), but lower Ether extract (EE) content
Values of erucic acid presented by CM and CE were below 1% of the fat fraction that is considered to be the threshold of a rapeseed meal zero erucic acid variety [16]
Summary
The main reasons are the high and unstable prices of protein sources, such as soybean meal, and their availability, which is affected by global trade [1]. This situation makes it necessary to search for new alternatives to replace totally or partially the protein sources currently used in ruminant diets. Camelina sativa or false flax is an oilseed crop of the Brassica family, which originates from the Mediterranean and Central Asia It is an annual or overwintering herb with low agronomic requirements [2] and is more tolerant to frost, heat, and drought than other plants of the same family [3], such as rapeseed meal. The biofuel industry’s growing interest in its cultivation is attributable to the 40% oil content of the seed, which is used to produce biodiesel [4,5,6,7,8]
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