Abstract
Cobalt–chromium (Co-Cr) alloys have been used in a wide variety of biomedical applications, including dental, cardiovascular, and orthopedic devices. In vitro studies have shown that the mineralization of cells involved in osteogenesis is regulated by boron. The development of a new cobalt-chromium-boron (Co-Cr-B) alloy improves the mechanical properties of the metal, such as wear resistance, and meets biocompatibility requirements. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the osteogenic differentiation and biocompatibility in in vitro assays. Human dental pulp mesenchymal cells (hDPSCs) were isolated from volunteers and then co-cultured with the Co-Cr plus boron alloy from 0.3% to 1% for 15 days, while the formation of calcium deposits was quantified by Alizarin red staining and the expression of genes was related to osteodifferentiation by RT-qPCR. Simultaneously, the cytotoxicity of our alloy was evaluated by MTT assay and the change in the gene expression of cytokines commonly associated with inflammatory processes. The results showed low cytotoxicity when cells were treated with the Co-Cr-B alloy, and no change in the gene expression of IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 was observed compared to the untreated control (p > 0.05). The osteoinduction results shown an increase in mineralization in hDPSCs treated with Co-Cr-B alloy with 1.0% B. In addition, a significant increase in mRNA levels for collagen type 1 in with 0.3% boron and alkaline phosphatase and Runx2 with 0.6% boron were observed. The addition of Boron to the ASTM F75 Co-Cr base alloy improves the biocompatible characteristics. No cytotoxicity and any change of the expression of the pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-8 in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells treated with the cobalt-chromium-boron alloy was observed in vitro assays. Furthermore, our alloy acts as an osteoinductive in osteogenic differentiation in vitro. Therefore, our results could set the standard for the development of in vivo trials and in the future, it could be considered as an alternative for regenerative therapy.
Highlights
Stainless steel, titanium, and cobalt have been used as dental and medical prostheses in medicine and dentistry because they have fatigue resistance, are corrosion tolerant, and have good tissue compatibility [1,2,3]
The microstructural changes due to the boron addition could be observed for the B1 (b), B2 (c), and B3 (d) samples
The formation of boron carbides enhanced the interdendritic network of the alloy, which caused a reduction in grain size (Figure 1) and an increase in hardness
Summary
Titanium, and cobalt have been used as dental and medical prostheses in medicine and dentistry because they have fatigue resistance, are corrosion tolerant, and have good tissue compatibility [1,2,3]. They have been successfully used in hip and knee prostheses, bone plates, screws for fractures, and dental implants [4]. Regarding the colonization of microorganisms, it is known that dental biofilms can colonize dental implants that break the epithelial barrier These implants are frequently reported as having a higher risk of dental infections (up to 90% of cases) [6]. According to some scientific review studies, between 5 and 10% of cases of peri-implantitis have been reported worldwide [8]
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