Improvement of agrotechnology of production of high-quality sunflower seeds

Abstract

The largest share among the total production costs in the cultivation of sunflower falls on tillage. Its purpose is to increase the reserves of productive moisture in the soil, reduce the rate of its evaporation from the soil surface, improve plant nutrition and accumulation of precipitation, and prevent the accumulation of pathogens of various diseases, pests and weeds. Some of these tasks of soil treatment can be replaced, for example, by the introduction of organomineral fertilizers, the use of various pesticides, mulching of the soil surface with crushed straw, the introduction, in accordance with the specialization of the farm, scientifically based crop rotations with highly productive field crops. In this regard, the studies conducted on leached merged chernozems are devoted to the optimization of some elements of agricultural machinery for the production of sunflower seeds. The effect of dump plowing, shallow and deep non-fallow soil treatments on phytocenotic conditions for the formation of productivity of the sunflower hybrid Gorstar has been established. There was a strong (by 0,06–0,08 g/cm 3 ) compaction of the soil layer of 15–30 cm against the background of shallow non-fall soil treatment than with the other two methods. The reserves of available soil moisture in the 0–150 cm layer with deep tillage and dump plowing were 214,0 and 210,8 mm, respectively, and for shallow tillage – 196,0 mm. At the background of dump plowing, the minimum contamination of sunflower crops was obtained, which is 36,5% less for deep tillage and 63,5% less for shallow. The introduction of a tank mixture of pre-emergence herbicides Acetal Pro, CE and Brig, CS provides an increase in the yield of sunflower seeds by all methods of basic tillage by 0,14–0,27 t/ha, and the introduction of soil herbicide Gardo Gold, CE – by 0,13–0,14 t/ha.