Abstract
An evaluation of the concentration levels of Particulate Matter (PM) was carried out in Madrid (Spain) by introducing the emissions from road dust resuspension. Road dust resuspension emission factors (EF) for different types of vehicles were calculated from EPA-AP42, a global resuspension factor of 0.097 g veh-1 km-1 as described in Amato et al. (2010) and a rain-dependent correction factor. With these resuspension EFs, a simulation at street canyon level was performed with the OSPM model without rainfall. Subsequently, a simulation using the CMAQ model was implemented adding resuspension emissions affected by the rain. These data were compared with monitored data obtained from air quality stations. OSPM model simulations with resuspension EFs but without the effect of rainfall improve the PM estimates in about 20 µg m-3 compared to the simulation with default EFs. Total emissions were calculated by adding the emissions estimated with resuspension EFs to the default PM emissions to be used by CMAQ. For the study in the Madrid Area, resuspension emissions are approximately of the same order of magnitude as inventoried emissions. On a monthly scale, rain effects are negligible for resuspension emissions due to the dry weather conditions of Spain. With the exception of April and May, the decrease in resuspension emissions is not greater than 3%. The predicted PM10 concentration increases up to 9 µg m-3 on annual average for each station compared to the same scenario without resuspension. However in both cases, PM10 estimates with resuspension are still underestimating observations. It should be noted that although that accounting for resuspension improves the quality of model predictions, other PM sources (e.g. Saharan dust) were not considered in this study.
Highlights
Numerous pollutants that have an impact on public health and ecosystems influence environmental quality in the world
emission factors (EF) for the Operational Street Pollution Model (OSPM) model have been modified to add the effects of resuspension at street canyon for the locations of the sampling mobile stations
The validation of the resuspension module was made against the results of the sampling campaign for Velázquez Road in 2009 because there are reliable traffic data to feed OSPM model and there are in situ measurements of Particulate Matter (PM) for comparison with model results
Summary
Numerous pollutants that have an impact on public health and ecosystems influence environmental quality in the world. Frontiers in Environmental Science | www.frontiersin.org de la Paz et al. Road dust resuspension in Madrid (Samet et al, 2000; Tsai et al, 2000; Chiaverini, 2002). Several studies show the evidence of the influence of non-exhaust emissions from traffic on the amount of urban PM10 (Gehrig et al, 2004; Bukowiecki et al, 2010) resulting to be of the same order of magnitude as the exhaust emissions (Abu-Allaban et al, 2003; Kristensson et al, 2004; Amato et al, 2009a), the importance of estimating non-exhaust emissions correctly
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