Implementation of Formative Assessment ‘for’ Learning: A Review

Abstract

Background: Assessment is fundamental to medical education, driving student learning and ensuring that key objectives are met. Formative assessment, in particular, serves as both an instructional strategy and an assessment tool, aiding in the consolidation of learning. Objective: The objective of this narrative review was to examine the implementation of formative assessment in medical education, with a focus on its role in fostering deep learning, enhancing learning outcomes, and preparing students for real-world clinical challenges. Methods: This narrative review synthesized existing evidence on formative assessment in medical education. The authors employed a systematic approach to identify relevant literature using search strings such as "formative assessment in medical education" and "assessment for learning." Databases searched included PubMed, MEDLINE, Scopus, and the Cochrane Library. Inclusion criteria were studies examining formative assessment practices in medical education, while exclusion criteria included studies focusing solely on summative assessment or unrelated to medical education. Results: The findings highlighted the effectiveness of formative assessment in promoting deep learning, providing feedback, and addressing learning difficulties. Bloom's concept of mastery learning underscored the importance of diagnosing learning difficulties through formative evaluations. Consistent low scores on assessments were attributed to various factors, which were effectively addressed through weekly formative assessments. The review emphasized the need for formative assessment in medical education, balanced with summative assessment, while acknowledging challenges related to faculty training, resource limitations, and cultural emphasis on summative assessment. Conclusion: Balanced implementation of formative and summative assessments in medical education enhances learning outcomes, promotes intrinsic motivation, and ensures that future healthcare professionals are well-prepared, ultimately contributing to improved healthcare outcomes and patient experiences.