IMPACT OF THE ENVIRONMENT AND ECONOMIC SUSTAINABILITY WHEN USING BIODIESEL IN COMBUSTION ENGINES

This article presents a simulation model proposed to reduce spending, water pollution and CO2 emissions, for the collection of municipal solid waste in the central region of Rio Grande do Sul state. It will be used several biodiesel percentages, which together with Diesel percentages form a fuel with less impact to the environment. For the definition of variables and their interrelationships, it was used for theoretical basis bibliographical research and observations of the generation of post-use waste cooking oil process. To evaluate the possibility of generating a new fuel that can be used by collecting vehicles of solid waste in the municipalities of the central region of the state, three scenarios were generated in order to simulate three biodiesel blends. The results obtained by simulation show that in addition to the large reduction of the environmental impact, the recycling process brings significant economic gain due to the reduction of costs for the purchase of fuel. The horizon of simulated time was ten (10) years and was used Vensim software for the development of simulation.

Life cycle inventory analysis for electricity in Korea

Background, Goal and Scope The objective of this study was to produce detailed a life cycle inventory (LCI) for the provision of 1 kWh of electricity to consumers in China in 2002 in order to identify areas of improvement in the industry. The system boundaries were processes in power stations, and the construction and operation of infrastructure were not included. The scope of this study was the consumption of fossil fuels and the emissions of air pollutants, water pollutants and solid wastes, which are listed as follows: (1) consumption of fossil fuels, including general fuels, such as raw coal, crude oil and natural gas, and the uranium used for nuclear power; (2) emissions of air pollutants from thermal power, hydropower and nuclear power plants; (3) emissions of water pollutants, including general water waste from fuel electric plants and radioactive waste fluid from nuclear power plants; (4) emissions of solid wastes, including fly ash and slag from thermal power plants and radioactive solid wastes from nuclear power plants.

As environmental problems, such as global warming and ozone layer depletion, have a significant influence on various ecosystems, it is imperative to examine this relationship in depth. This is especially true for specific ecosystems, such as lakes, and the environmental problems affecting them. In this study, we propose a synthesized environment management policy, such as the control of water and air pollutant emissions, using a computer simulation. We considered both the ecological system in and around Lake Kasumigaura in Japan and the related socioeconomic changes in the catchment areas of the lake during a certain period. The pollutants measured in this study are total nitrogen, total phosphorus, and chemical oxygen—taken as water pollutants—as well as carbon dioxide, sulfur oxide, and nitrogen oxides, taken as greenhouse effect gases and air pollutants. This study targeted the simulation period between 1999 and 2007, which was when some of the research and development projects for new air pollution abatement and water quality improvement technologies started in this basin. The objectives of this research were to identify policy considerations for effectively reducing air and water pollutants in the basin without new technology and the kind of impact these policy considerations will have and to uncover how environmental load reduction technologies should be designed. The results show that governments should take advantage of the immediate effect of the capital reduction subsidy and prioritize budget allocations to reduce air pollutants in the earlier years of the target period. The government should then install domestic wastewater facilities such as sewage systems to reduce water pollutant emissions. The results also show that more economically efficient water pollutant-reduction technologies are required, especially those that transform pollutant emissions to single molecular form. The results of this research can contribute to the validity evaluation of research and development projects that have been implemented in this basin thus far.KeywordsComprehensive evaluationComputer simulationSimultaneous controlAir and water pollutantsSocioeconomic activities

The effect of social economy-water resources-water environment coupling system on water consumption and pollution emission based on input-output analysis in Changchun city, China

This study aims to investigate the combined effects of oxygen addition to inlet air and utilization of 1-Hexanol, biodiesel, and diesel blends on the thermal and emission characteristics of a cylindrical furnace. The design of experiments was used based on the presence of three-composite fuels and the oxygen inlet flow as independent variables. The experimental tests were conducted on a cylindrical furnace equipped with a diesel burner. The results showed that the combustion temperature increased by up to 11 °C with the increase in the flow rate of oxygen addition. Moreover, the results indicated that with an increase in oxygen addition flow rate, the HC and CO emissions decreased by almost 33% and 18%, respectively. However, there was no significant effect on CO2 emissions. On the other hand, the amount of NOx emissions increased with oxygen addition flow rate by approximately 12.5%. According to the results, the increase in the percentage of biodiesel and hexanol caused an increase in NOx emissions and a reduction in CO and HC emissions. And, the fuel mixture with 50% diesel, 30% biofuel, and 20% 1-Hexanol (D50B30H20) had the maximum NOx emissions and the minimum HC and CO emissions in comparison with other fuel mixtures for all oxygen addition flow rates. The results also indicated that increasing the percentage of biofuels in the fuel mixture, along with an increase in the rate of oxygen addition, leads to a higher reduction rate of HC and CO emissions. Furthermore, oxygen flow rates higher than 5 liters per minute did not significantly affect the formation of CO2 emissions, but prevented the formation of NOx.

Backtracking search algorithm in CVRP models for efficient solid waste collection and route optimization

This paper aims to understand, develop and execute computational models to analyse the cost benefit of the use of different percentages of biodiesel in urban solid waste collection and to verify the biodiesel production viability by organisations. For the models' development, the system dynamics method was used. Mathematically, System Dynamics model is a system of linear equations. Through Vensim software, it was possible to develop, document, simulate, and analyse the models, noting the financial impact caused by waste collection in seven municipalities in southern Brazil. For the modelling, nine scenarios were developed and divided into 3 groups: simulation with different percentages of biodiesel, simulation using BIOBOT 20 processor, and simulation through a plant construction by the company. As a result, it was found that, in the long term, the best scenario for the company analysed is the use of BIOBOT 20 processor with 15% biodiesel percentage, followed by the construction of its own plant, also using 15% biodiesel. Results were satisfactory and met the designers' expectations.

Ma, Y.; Cao, H.; Zhang, L., and Fu, Z., 2020. Relationship between local government competition, environmental regulation and water pollutant emissions: Analysis based on mediating effect and panel threshold model. In: Yang, Y.; Mi, C.; Zhao, L., and Lam, S. (eds.), Global Topics and New Trends in Coastal Research: Port, Coastal and Ocean Engineering. Journal of Coastal Research, Special Issue No. 103, pp. 511–515. Coconut Creek (Florida), ISSN 0749-0208.Water has been further polluted by “development at the cost of environment” since the reform and opening up. The emission of water pollutant in China is closely related to political economy, and local government competition is an important factor in pollution control. This paper specifically studied direct and indirect effects of local government competition on environmental pollutant emissions, and tested the nonlinear relationship between local government competition and water pollutant emissions. The results show that local government competition has been characterized by “race to the top”, which has direct and indirect effects. Formal environmental regulation plays a mediating role in the process of local government competition affecting water pollutant emissions, but informal environmental regulation does not play such a role. With increasing formal environmental regulation, local government competition is playing a bigger role in suppressing water pollutant emissions.

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 城市扩张与水污染物排放的伴生效应与交互机理——基于2011-2015年长三角地区的实证检验 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202102230498 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 中国科学院战略性先导科技专项（A类）（XDA23020101）；国家自然科学基金项目（41971164） Associated effects and interaction mechanism of urban expansion and water pollutant emissions: A case study of the Yangtze River Delta from 2011 to 2015 Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: The Major Program of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:揭示城市扩张与水污染物排放之间的伴生效应与空间交互机理是城市化水环境效应研究的重要议题。以长三角地区为例，选取COD和NH3-N两项特征污染物指标，在2011-2015年快速城市化时期的水污染物排放格局分析基础上，优选空间杜宾模型估计城市扩张与水污染物排放的伴生效应，采用直接效应和间接效应分解定量测度二者的空间交互机理。研究结果表明：2011-2015年长三角地区水污染物排放规模显著下降，县域排放强度等级整体降低，高强度排放格局由连片式分布收缩为零散式分布；城市扩张与水污染物排放的伴生效应显著而稳定，高扩张-高排放型县域在上海及其周边、苏北地区集中分布，沿海和沿江区位是城市扩张通常会选择的布局指向，在排污距离成本和环境规制强度双重作用下，距海岸线和长江干流距离越远，水污染物排放强度越呈对数曲线式降低；城市扩张与水污染物排放的空间交互作用具有两面性，城市扩张规模每提升1%，使本地COD、NH3-N排放分别增加0.274%、0.368%的同时，还会造成邻近县域排放降低1.017%、0.650%。因此，为缓解城市扩张与水污染物排放的伴生效应和交互作用，既要划定城市扩张边界、严格抑制扩张规模，还需注重城市水污染物处理设施配套及管网建设，通过区域环境承载力提升缓解城市化造成的环境胁迫过程。 Abstract:Revealing the associated effect and spatial interaction mechanism between urban expansion and water pollutant emissions is an important issue for studying the water environmental effects of urbanization. The Yangtze River Delta (YRD) has been experiencing rapid urbanization at an annual rate of nearly 1 percent from 2011 to 2015. Rapid urbanization not only increased the impervious surface of a city and changes the structure of the regional ecological environment but also introduced high-density industrial production and urban living activities that accelerated the emission of pollutants. Taking the YRD as an example and selecting COD and NH3-N as two characteristic pollutants, this study described the temporal and spatial characteristics of water pollutant emissions at the county level from 2011 to 2015, optimized the spatial Durbin model (SDM) to estimate the associated effect of urban expansion and water pollutant emissions, and quantitatively measured the spatial interaction between them through direct and indirect effects. The results show that (1) the water pollutant emissions in the YRD have decreased significantly from 2011 to 2015, and the high-intensity emission pattern changed from a contiguous to a scattered distribution, which were concentrated in urban periphery counties and coastal and riverside counties. (2) The associated effect of urban expansion and water pollutant emissions was significant and stable. In 2011, every 1% increase of urban expansion led to 0.293% and 0.319% increase in COD and NH3-N emissions in the YRD, respectively. By 2015, the increase rates of COD and NH3-N emissions reached 0.300% and 0.380%, respectively. The counties with high expansion and high emissions were concentrated in Shanghai and its surrounding areas and northern Jiangsu. (3) The coastal and riverside areas were the layout directions that urban expansion usually chose. Under the control of pollution distance cost and environmental regulation intensity, the farther the distance from the coastline and the Yangtze River, the lower the water pollutant emission intensity. (4) The spatial interaction between urban expansion and water pollutant emissions had two sides. Due to the siphon effect, every 1% increase in the scale of urban expansion resulted in 0.274% and 0.368% increases in local COD and NH3-N emissions, respectively, while emissions in the adjacent counties synchronously decreased by 1.017% and 0.650%, respectively. (5) To break the association and spatial interaction between urban expansion and water pollutant emission and alleviate the environmental stress on the YRD, in addition to delimiting an urban expansion boundary and strictly restraining the scale of expansion, improvement in the regional environmental carrying capacity through urban water pollutant treatment facilities and pipe network construction is urgently needed. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

Modeling and optimization of performance and emission parameters of a diesel engine: A comparative evaluation between date seed oil biodiesel produced via three different heating systems

Urban pharmaceutical industries are responsible for high intensity emissions of water pollutants. The regional water pollutant emission standards vary greatly throughout the Yangtze River Delta Urban Agglomeration (YRDUA) in China, which, to some extent, results in increased risks and hidden dangers to regional water environment safety, especially water quality. Under the national strategy of Yangtze River Delta ecological and green integration development, a unified standard of water pollutant emissions should be integrated into the integration development process, but differences between characteristic items, concentration limits, and conditions among four local standards of water pollutant emission have become a key influencing factor in their integration in industry and in green transformation. When comparing the water pollutant emission standards of the biopharmaceutical industry in three provinces and one municipality of the YRDUA, the factors influencing integration were determined and caused by the main differences in local water pollutant emission standards, namely, the race to the bottom of the biopharmaceutical industry, the inconsistency of environmental protection regulation law, and transboundary water pollution risks. From the perspective of urban water quality safety, we propose the following strategies for promoting the integration of water pollutant emission standards in the YRDUA: (1) increasing government funding for local water pollution governance and encouraging industries to adopt the third-party governance model for pollution control in the YRDUA; (2) unifying water pollutant emission standards and environmental law enforcement standards in the YRDUA with a mechanism involving shared economic responsibility; and (3) establishing a platform for sharing data and governance performance for the emission of water pollutants in the YRDUA.

Achieving the dual goals of improving water quality and reducing carbon emissions requires a systematic study of the combined effects of economic and environmental policies on industrial systems. A CGE-IWCR model is developed to examine the long-term evolution of industrial economic and environmental responses in the Yangtze River Economic Belt (YREB) under varying levels of carbon and water pollution taxes. The CGE-IWCE model offers several advantages: i) under the dual tax (carbon and water pollution tax) interventions, it can effectively forecast industrial CO2 and water pollution emissions driven by both macro and local factors from 2025 to 2060; ii) it quantitatively captures the interactions between various policy interventions, thereby providing guidance for comprehensive regional policy formulation. It is discovered that in the double-tax scenario, various combinations of carbon and water pollution taxes significantly impact direct carbon emissions and direct water pollution emissions, and from local consumption, imports, and exports in industrial sectors. Among them, the dual pressure of high carbon and water pollution taxes, which significantly raise production costs. In addition, increasing the carbon tax from 10 ¥/tonne to 50 ¥/tonne, the water pollution equivalent (WPE) reduction rate rises from 20.79% to 52.67% with the increase in the carbon tax from 2050 to 2060, when the water pollution tax is low. Between 2025 and 2060, the carbon tax plays a significant role in influencing the total industrial output change rate in YREB. from 2025 to 2060, the water pollution tax will play a more significant role in CO2 reduction in YREB’s industrial sector. The results will offer decision-making support for water pollution reduction and carbon mitigation in the YREB’s industrial sector, quantitatively identify the interactions between the dual taxes, and provide new insights for analyzing the impacts of pollution reduction and carbon mitigation policies.

Optimization of Chlamydomonas alga biodiesel percentage for reducing exhaust emission of diesel engine

Modeling the carbon-energy-water nexus in a rapidly urbanizing catchment: A general equilibrium assessment