Identifying the Socio-Economic, Institutional, and Policy-Related Factors Influencing Teacher Education Programs in Sindh: A Literature Review

Abstract

Introduction: Teacher education plays a pivotal role in educational development,particularly in regions facing significant challenges like Sindh, Pakistan. This study aims to identify the socio-economic, institutional,and policy-related factors influencing teacher education programs in Sindh to address the root causes of educational challenges. Methodology: A systematic literature review was conducted using multiple academic databases, focusing on articles published between January 2020 and May 2024. Inclusion criteria ensured relevance, geographic focus on Sindh, and peer-reviewed status. Thematic analysis was employed to synthesize findingsand identify common themes. Results/Findings: Socio-economic factors such as financial constraints and gender disparities significantly impact teacher education. Institutional challenges include inadequate training facilities and outdated curricula, exacerbated by bureaucratic inefficiencies. Policy-related issues include inconsistent implementation and insufficient funding. Thematic analysis highlighted resource disparity, the need for ongoing professional development, policy coherence, and curriculum modernization as recurring themes. Future Direction: To address these challenges, increased investment in professional development, curriculum modernization, and policy coherence is recommended. Future research should focus on evaluating specific interventions and conducting comparative studies to inform policy and practice.