Identifying and Codifying the Model of Meaning of Life in the Iranian Elderly: A Qualitative Study

Extended abstract 1. INTRODUCTION Various effects of continuous drought, contributes to the vulnerability of rural households and their livelihoods is unstable, dynamic and multi-dimensional nature and vulnerability of drought it difficult to provide the study. However, to understand what an important role in mitigating the effects of drought vulnerability and improve the livelihood of rural people. The purpose of this research is to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought. 2. METHODOLOGY Therefore, the purpose of this Qualitative research was to explain the process of villagers' vulnerability to drought, case: Peshtang Village in Ravansar County, that It takes Two following specific aims in relation to the status of household’s vulnerability to drought: (A) What is the process of vulnerability theory of drought in rural areas? (B) What are the constituent elements (basic concepts, causal conditions, context, intervening conditions, interaction strategies, and outcomes) of this process? Due to the main purpose of this research, the regional was elected that in the past, it had good agricultural condition but now because of regional drought, it is high damage, so the Peshtang village with emphasize of agriculture experts in Rawansar city and key local informants, was selected. This village is of Dawlat Abad district of the central city of Rawansar in Kermanshah province, which has a population of 145 people, 45 households, and 30 km from the city center Rawansar and livelihoods of most people in the village are farmers and ranchers. In order to explore and enrich the experiences, attitudes and perceptions of rural people to the magnitude of vulnerability resulting from drought in Peshtang village on Rawansar County used the qualitative research methods and specifically the grounded theory approach provided Strauss The population used in this study included all the rural households in the sample were selected by Purposive sampling. On the other hand, given that the level of drought vulnerability among the people of these villages was not the same, so in order to identify vulnerable groups, classification techniques of participatory rural incomes by key informants was conducted. Data were collected using semi-structured individual interview, focus groups, direct observation, field notes, income participatory classification, land use mapping techniques. After 10 semi-structured interviews, each for a maximum of two hours, theoretical saturation was achieved. Thus, the responses were repeated and new concepts of the samples weren't found. Three steps are used to analyze data with recommendations of Strauss and Corbin (1998): Open coding، axial and selective coding was utilized as a basis of data analysis. Open coding is part of an analysis concerned with identifying, naming, categorizing, and describing phenomenon found in the text. At the end of this stage was 11 floors. In axial coding, communication and connection between categories was discovered. Axial coding is the process of relating codes to each other, through a combination of inductive and deductive thinking. In selective coding, the researcher chooses one category to be the core category, and relates all other categories derived during previous process to that category. 3.DISCUSSION Findings from the analysis of comparing 11 floors of open coding showed that classification of rural vulnerability to drought as a core category (phenomenon central to the process) and in a paradigmatic model, axial coding was done. paradigmatic model of axial coding includes causal conditions, context, core category, Intervening conditions, action or strategies and consequences. in fact, a grounded theory researcher Identified one of the open coding categories as the core category that is central to a theory. Then, this core category becomes the center point of the axial coding paradigm. Examining this paradigm, included the following:  Causal conditions; categories of conditions that influence the core category,  Context; the specific conditions that influence the strategies,  Core category; the idea of phenomenon central to the process,  Intervening conditions; the general contextual conditions that influence strategies,  Strategies; the specific actions or interactions that result from the core phenomenon  Consequences; the outcomes of employing the strategies. Results of this qualitative research indicated the causes of rural vulnerability to drought is varied and 11 component includes that in the form of paradigmatic model includes causal conditions (Climatic factors), phenomenon, context (environmental and livelihood), intervening conditions (institutional -protective factors), action or strategies (Technical and non-technical) and consequences (Economic, social and environmental), process of rural vulnerability show and reflect different aspects of it. 4. CONCLUSION Based on the results, it is recommended that authorities perform participatory strategies to mitigate the effects of drought and promoting the adaptation capacity of villagers prioritizing in the rural areas, in the context recommended that sustainable livelihood strategies with an emphasis on strengthening physical, social, human, financial and natural assets for vulnerable rural.

Guest editorial: What's common with qualitative nursing research these days?

Background: Divorce is a complex, multidimensional concept and its direct and indirect impacts affects thousands of people in Iran each year. However, the concept of post-divorce adjustment in Iranian women has not been studied in detail. The aim of the present qualitative study was to determine the factors contributing to post-divorce adjustment in divorced women. Methods: A qualitative research was carried out using grounded theory approach, followed by three phases of open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The participants consisted of 21 divorced women who were selected using purposive sampling method. Semi-structured interviews were conducted and then interviews were recorded and transcribed for further analysis. Results: A total of 21 divorced women participated in the current study. The majority of the participants were between 20-30 years old; they were between 17 to 30 years when they married. Also, most of the participants had bachelor’s degree (11) and most of them had a job (16). In the primary data coding, 35 open concepts were extracted. These concepts were then reduced into 32 secondary concepts. At the final stage, 6 main categories contributing to post-divorce adjustment were extracted including: (a) demographics, (b) interpersonal, (c) attitudinal, (d) relational, (e) supportive, and (f) coping strategies. Conclusion: The present study emphasizes the value of lived experiences of divorced women. Based on the findings of our study, it is important to develop a solid support network and provide interventions targeting the quality of life in divorced women.

Background and aims: The consequences of health development with the exercise approach affect the 4 dimensions of physical, mental, economic, and social health. The aim of this study was to present a comprehensive model to determine the contributing factors, strategies, and outcomes of sport-based health development (SBHD). Methods: This qualitative study was conducted through the grounded theory approach. Data were collected through interviews with 24 experts and authorities in health, sports, and health development who were selected through purposive and snowball sampling. Open, axial, and selective coding were used for data analysis. Trustworthiness was ensured through member checking and peer debriefing. Results: Four hundred codes were drawn during open coding and were grouped into 127 subcategories during axial coding and nineteen main categories during selective coding. The nineteen categories were assigned to the five main dimensions of the paradigm model of grounded theory. The causal conditions of SBHD were personal, cultural, and social factors; its contextual conditions were attitudinal and attitudinal factors, media, planning, and legal factors; and its intervening conditions were environmental, infrastructural, interactional, and managerial factors. Its strategies were infrastructural development, attitudinal development, technical development, and support programs and its outcomes were improvement of physical health, financial development, social development, and improvement of mental health. Conclusion: Health and sport managers and authorities need to provide an appropriate context to facilitate engagement in sports among all individuals.

Qualitative Research in CKD: How to Appraise and Interpret the Evidence

Many children who live in the interior and mountainous areas of Papua-Indonesia do not get the right of education. This research aims to formulate a theoretical concept of boarding school-based character education by implementing Papuan cultural contextual education in the process of education. The method used is a qualitative method with a grounded theory approach. The research participants were 14 people. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and textual analysis of the interview results. The data analysis technique uses the Atlas.ti application by using three levels of coding: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The research results show that there are six main concepts as a model of boarding school character education: personal development, spiritual development, extracurricular activities, clean and healthy lifestyles, learning from inspirational figures, and academic development. These six theoretical concepts can be divided into internal and external character building. One of the uniqueness of character education is the integration of local cultural values in the whole process of character education of the children, both in the school environment and in the dormitory. The results of the study provide insights for educators, schools, and government on different forms of character education models.

This study aimed to analyze the meaning of life experience in the elderly. The method of the present study was qualitative and using a grounded theory approach. For this purpose, ten older adults (6 females and four males) of Shiraz city, who were over 65 years old with the ability to speak Persian and didn’t have any severe affective disorders, were selected by theoretical sampling method. Then, semi-structured interviews were conducted with them to reach the finding. A systematic and analytical approach of Strauss and Corbin was used. Based on the analyses, in open and axial coding, the total strategies used to achieve meaning in life in the elderly were four final categories: Spiritual Excellence, Attention and Self Care, Exchange of Love, and Social Dynamics. In selective coding, the components were included under the strategic section. The present study showed that the view and perception of the elderly about the meaning of life is multidimensional, and these factors play a role in giving meaning to the life of the elderly.

این تحقیق به روش کیفی و با شیوه نظریه داده بنیاد انجام شد. به همین منظور محقق با 26 نفر از متخصصان در سه حوزه هوشمندسازی، اینترنت اشیا و رایانش ابری که به شیوه هدفمند(گلوله برفی) انتخاب شدند، مصاحبه کرد. متن مصاحبه­ها در نرم افزار MAXQDA10 ، بارگذاری و سپس کدگذاری باز با استفاده از نرم­افزار انجام شد. بعد از استخراج کدها، مقوله­های اصلی با استفاده از کدگذاری محوری استخراج شدند. سپس در ادامه، با کشف ارتباط بین مقوله­های محوری، و بعد با انجام کدگذاری گزینشی و شناسایی مقوله مرکزی، الگوی مورد نظر بر اساس نظریه داده­ به صورت پارادایم ارائه شده است. نتایج تحلیل داده­ها در قالب الگو شامل شرایط زمینه­ای، شرایط علی، شرایط مداخله­ای، راهبردها و پیامدها مورد بحث و بررسی قرار گرفت.

The present study aims to design a customer relationship management (CRM) model based on artificial intelligence (AI) to achieve competitive advantage in the food industry. The research method is fundamental in terms of purpose. Data collection was conducted using the grounded theory approach, focusing on in-depth and semi-structured interviews. In this study, a systematic review of theoretical foundations and previous research was performed to extract relevant concepts and initial contextual factors related to the topic. Subsequently, in-depth and semi-structured interviews were conducted, and expert opinions were collected. The interviews with experts were meticulously analyzed. The statistical population of the study includes experts in the food industry, all managers and specialists from the Ministry of Health, Treatment, and Medical Education (Food and Drug Administration), managers and specialists from the Cultural Heritage, Handicrafts, and Tourism Organization, and private sector professionals active in the food industry. The sampling method employed was snowball sampling. The researcher achieved theoretical saturation after conducting 13 interviews. In fact, a few interviews before the 13th one, the researcher noticed that no new insights were being generated. However, to ensure the reliability of the findings and to review and refine the results, the interviews continued until the 15th interview. In each interview, concepts were coded using the grounded theory approach. This study applied grounded theory through three main stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. The results indicated that in the open coding stage, more than 49 subcategories were identified. In the axial coding stage, a more precise examination of the identified codes was conducted, revealing that although many codes were expressed using different terms and interpretations, they conveyed the same meaning based on the research questions posed in this study. Further analysis of open codes and the aggregation and classification of related codes led to the identification of 10 main categories.

A key feature of Iranian sporting clubs is the increased focus on the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR). A large number of Iranian sporting clubs are employing CSR initiatives to support specific stakeholders and to leverage their societal positions. Nevertheless, there is limited research that has examined CSR in Iranian sports to guide policy and practice associated with CSR initiatives. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to examine CSR in the Iranian sports industry so as to support the advancement and evaluation of CSR initiatives in clubs. A developmental orientation was adopted in this qualitative research. Participants were selected using a combination of purposeful and snowball sampling methods. A total of 30 participants were involved including executive managers, university faculty members, and coaches of the Iranian Premier League clubs of Football, Volleyball, Basketball, Futsal, and Handball, as well as members of university sport management faculties. One-on-one, semi-structured interviews were used to generate data. Data analysis procedures were conducted in line with the principles of grounded theory and involved open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. In this study, 64 open source codes were identified. Further, the use of the grounded theoretical approach led to the creation of a theoretical model comprised of causal conditions (five categories), contextual conditions (two categories), intervening conditions (six categories), strategies (two categories), and consequences (four categories) that describe the phenomenon of CSR in Iranian sport. Particular attention is given to the five key causal categories that were cultural, social, economic, policy, and institutional in nature. CSR activities were found to have the capacity to impact the promotion of the club through a number of concepts and categories, including fostering trust amongst the public, promoting ethical dimensions through sport, discovering and creating new markets, and attracting supporters. This analysis situated in the Middle East provides a way of considering CSR that is an alternative to the dominant Western approaches.

Qualitative research: Thoughts on how to do it; how to judge it; when to use it

Designing a Desirable Authentic Leadership Model for Principals

One of the major challenges facing higher education in Iran is the quantitative and qualitative development as well as the empowerment of university faculty members. Therefore, the present study aimed to design an empowerment model for faculty members at Lorestan University of Medical Sciences. The research method is applied in terms of purpose, qualitative in terms of data type, and systemic grounded theory in terms of nature and study type. The target population of the study consisted of experts in the field of human resources. A purposive theoretical sampling method was employed, and 15 experts were selected for interviews. The research instrument was a semi-structured interview, in which the dimensions, components, and indicators of the faculty empowerment model for Lorestan University of Medical Sciences were identified. Initially, in-depth interviews were conducted with experts, and through open coding, the indicators were extracted. Using axial coding, the indicators were categorized into components, and the findings were sent to 15 experts for validation. Finally, through selective coding, interviews, and brainstorming, the components and indicators were identified and finalized. The final model consisted of 5 dimensions, 17 components, and 104 indicators. After final approval and prioritization by experts, the dimensions, components, and indicators of the model were outlined and subsequently validated by experts. The findings of the present study suggest that this model can help identify key factors contributing to the empowerment of faculty members at medical universities.

The aim of this study is to develop a succession planning model for executive managers of Bank Melli Iran in Khorasan Razavi Province. From a research objective standpoint, the study is applied in nature; in terms of data type, it is qualitative; and methodologically, it follows a systemic (paradigmatic) grounded theory design. The research population consists of human resources experts with doctoral degrees who possess authorship, publications, research background, and practical experience in this field. Using a theoretical purposive sampling method, 15 experts were selected for interviews. The data collection tool was a semi-structured interview, through which the dimensions, components, and indicators of the succession planning model for executive managers of Bank Melli Iran were formulated. To construct the interview framework, in-depth interviews with the experts were conducted initially. Subsequently, through open coding, relevant indicators were extracted, which were then categorized into components and indicators via axial coding. These were sent to the 15 experts for validation, and using selective coding, the components and indicators were identified and finalized through interviews and brainstorming sessions. As a result, 5 dimensions, 18 components, and 106 indicators were finalized for the succession planning model targeting executive managers of Bank Melli Iran in Khorasan Razavi. After final approval and prioritization by the experts, the dimensions, components, and indicators of the model were illustrated, and the model underwent an additional round of validation by experts.

Who is sensitising whom? A participatory interview guide development as an awareness tool within a health care research project