Identification of a new blend of apple volatiles attractive to the apple maggot: Rhagoletis pomonella

Abstract

Solid-phase microextraction (SPME) and gas chromatography coupled with electroantennographic detection (GC-EAD) were used to identify a new blend of volatiles from apples as the key attractants for the apple maggot fly, Rhagoletis pomonella (Walsh). The new five-component blend contains butyl butanoate (10%), propyl hexanoate (4%), butyl hexanoate (37%), hexyl butanoate (44%), and pentyl hexanoate (5%) compared with a previously reported seven-component mix of hexyl acetate (35%), (E)-2-hexen-1-yl acetate (2%), butyl 2-methylbutanoate (8%), propyl hexanoate (12%), hexyl propanoate (5%), butyl hexanoate (28%), and hexyl butanoate (10%). Volatiles from five different varieties of apple elicited reproducible and high EAD responses from R. pomonella antennae to the same five chemicals. In flight-tunnel choice tests involving red sticky spheres with odor sources, the new five-component blend of apple volatiles showed significantly more activity than the previous seven-component blend or the single compound, butyl hexanoate. In a field trial captures with the new five-component blend were better than with butyl hexanoate, which is currently used with commercial apple maggot monitoring spheres.