HYPONYMY AND HYPERNYMY IN THE MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY SYSTEM WITH SOMATIC COMPONENTS

Abstract

The article studies hyper-hyponymic relations in the medical somatic lexicon. Terms, as specially created nominative units, are intended not only to express the essence of the concept but also to convey relations between them – genus-species, part-whole, spatial or temporal contiguity, etc. Hence, the presence of a hyponymic paradigm as one of the most important categories that shape terminological structures. No terminology system can do without relationships between genus and species, so their study as a lexical-semantic category is associated with its use for describing various groups of vocabulary, semantic fields. Studying the principles and regularities of the inclusion of lexemes in certain classes contributes to organizing vocabulary, describing its thematic connections, which reflects systemic relationships between the realities of the world. All the types of relationships between the components of hyper-hyponymic groups are subordinated exclusively to a hierarchical structure. Correct (hypernym has two hyponyms) and incorrect (hypernym has more than two hyponyms) hyponymic series are presented. However, the material of the medical terminology system with somatic components is extremely rich in such subordination. Most hypernyms have 10 or even 40 hyponyms. Intersecting relationships, in which a term is a hyponym of one field and a hypernym of another, confirm the systemic nature of genus-species relationships within a certain semantic cluster of terminological units. Depending on a number of features by which a generic term is specified, hyper-hyponymic groups and structures are distinguished in the form of: a simple hierarchical tree; an expanded hierarchical tree; a combination of simple and extended hierarchical trees. Hyponyms can have not only a two-word, but also a multi-word structure. Hyponymy is characterized by a one-sided substitution of a hyponym with a hypernym, but not vice versa. This type of relationship contributes to the systemic organization of this vocabulary, its structuring, and logical subordination.