Hybrid Triploid Induced by Megaspore Chromosome Doubling in Jujube (Ziziphus jujuba Mill.) ‘Maya’ and Its Characteristics

Songshan Liu,Xiaoming Pang,Meng Li,Yingyue Li,Chenxing Zhang,Lu Hou,Weicong Yang,Xiang Li

doi:10.3390/f12020112

Abstract

Polyploid breeding is an important strategy for tree improvement because polyploid individuals typically show superior traits, such as improved growth, stress resistance, and superior fruit quality. Artificial induction of chromosome doubling of female gametes is an effective approach to obtain triploid progeny. However, no triploid fruit tree cultivars have been developed using this approach. The objective of this study was to explore the utility of chromosome doubling in female gametes of ‘Maya’ jujube to produce triploid individuals. The temporal relationship between flower bud morphology and the megaspore meiotic stage was studied to guide the optimal timing of colchicine treatment. Colchicine solution was applied to bearing shoots of mature ‘Maya’ jujube trees in a field experiment using two treatment methods (improved cotton leaching and injection method) and three concentrations (0.3%, 0.4%, and 0.5%). The water transport rate of ‘Maya’ jujube shoots was studied using dye solution to judge the effectiveness and timing of the colchicine treatment methods. Two triploids were identified among the progenies from the colchicine-treated shoots. The highest efficiency of triploid production was 3.3% when flower buds of diameter 1.76–2.12 mm were treated with 0.3% colchicine solution for 4 h using an improved cotton leaching method. The ground diameter, plant thorn length, leaf width, leaf area, stomatal length, stomatal width, chlorophyll content, and photosynthetic parameters of one triploid individual were significantly higher than those of diploids of identical parentage at 18 months old. Thus, induction of 2n megaspores is an effective approach to generate triploid jujube. These results are expected to promote and accelerate triploid breeding in fruit trees.

Highlights

Polyploid breeding is an important strategy for fruit tree improvement
By establishing the temporal relationship between flower-bud morphogenesis and female meiotic stages, the process of meiosis can be tracked based on flower-bud morphology and the optimal treatment period for chromosome doubling of megaspores can be determined [18,34]
The improved cotton leaching method used in the present study enabled the introduction of the colchicine solution into the secondary shoot, and its transport to the flower bud through the xylem, thereby inducing chromosome doubling of female gametes

Summary

Introduction

Polyploid fruit trees typically show excellent performance in stress resistance, growth, and fruit size, as well as texture, for example [1,2,3]. Such traits may significantly shorten the breeding period, and improve the adaptability and competitiveness of fruit trees. The use of colchicine [7,8] or high temperature [9,10] to induce the formation of 2n gametes and their use in controlled pollinations is an important approach to obtain triploid progeny [11]. No triploid fruit tree cultivar has been developed by this approach

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Methods

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Discussion

Conclusion