Abstract
AbstractUsing Vehicle Thermal Management (VTM) simulations to predict the thermal load experienced by components is a popular method within the automotive industry. The VTM simulation approach is fast becoming equivalent to conducting thermal load tests with prototypes for vehicles powered by internal combustion engines. This is especially true in the early development phase of the vehicle. The accuracy of the VTM simulations plays a pivotal role at them being accepted as an eventual replacement for physical testing. The correct prediction of thermal loads in VTM simulations depends on a multitude of different parameters, but the modelling of the exhaust system plays a central role in it. This is because the exhaust gas, and with it the exhaust system, is the primary source of heat in a vehicle powered by an internal combustion engine. The developed approach not only needs to be accurate but also modular enough to allow for different exhaust configurations to be tested. It also needs to be capable of integration into any VTM simulation workflow while maintaining an industrially acceptable turnaround time. This paper explores a new methodology to achieve these requirements. A 1D/3D hybrid approach to exhaust system modelling is presented. In this, the components that have an enthalpy change of the exhaust gas, such as the turbocharger, have been modelled as 1D and simple components such as pipes have been modelled in 3D. This has the advantage of combining the speed of 1D simulations with the spatial accuracy of 3D simulations. The method uses a unique three-code co-simulation technique for full vehicle VTM simulations. The coupling is between a 3D CFD software, a 1D simulation tool, and a Finite Element based thermal solver. The methodology was validated against experimental data for multiple loadcases. The results show good agreement with experiment within acceptable tolerances.
Highlights
In a vehicle with a conventional internal combustion engine, the efficient management of waste heat is of utmost importance to ensure thermal protection of components
The completely 1D approach is better matched but the hybrid approach has the best agreement to the experimental values across all the measurement probes on an average
For the completely 1D methodology, the issue arises due to the fact that a single heat transfer coefficient is applied over the entire length of the pipe
Summary
In a vehicle with a conventional internal combustion engine, the efficient management of waste heat is of utmost importance to ensure thermal protection of components. Stricter emission regulations for combustion engines have lead to more after treatment components being added inside the vehicle This has lead to tighter packaging in and around the engine bay area. In a bid to remove this dependency and to ensure thermal protection much earlier in a vehicle’s development, a virtual approach to thermal management is being fast adopted across the automotive industry. This is done via the use of Vehicle Thermal Management (VTM) simulations. The simulations can be used as a complimentary approach to the experiments initially and may serve to be an eventual replacement of the experimental approach
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