Abstract
At the start, the techniques based on the concept of the FGM for realization of composition and structure gradients have succeeded in development of the wall materials for the space-plane that is needed to achieve relaxation of thermal stress. Subsequently to this success, FGM technology has been applied to many fields, because FGM technology, in its original sense, means providing a gradient in materials properties such.as electronic, chemical, optical, nuclear, and biological applications. This chapter discusses the improvement of the efficiency of thermionic energy converters. The electrical output characteristic of the converter shows two mode of operation, arc mode and unarc mode. Each mode have some merits and demerits. Therefore, hybrid mode is an ideal mode which makes use of the each mode merits. Usually, the hybrid mode has been realized by using the arc generation on the "emitter", such as a grooved type emitter. However, FGM technology makes it possible to realize the hybrid mode by using the ball of fire generated at the collector. The material distribution deposited on the substrate was detected by the X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). Results of the XPS were recognized to be FGM structured collector.
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