Abstract
Hydroxyapatite (HAp, Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2) is one of the most promising candidates of the calcium phosphate family, suitable for bone tissue regeneration due to its structural similarities with human hard tissues. However, the requirements of high purity and the non-availability of adequate synthetic techniques limit the application of synthetic HAp in bone tissue engineering. Herein, we developed and evaluated the bone regeneration potential of human teeth-derived bioceramics in mice′s defective skulls. The developed bioceramics were analyzed by X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy (FE-SEM). The developed bioceramics exhibited the characteristic peaks of HAp in FTIR and XRD patterns. The inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) technique was applied to determine the Ca/P molar ratio in the developed bioceramics, and it was 1.67. Cytotoxicity of the simulated body fluid (SBF)-soaked bioceramics was evaluated by WST-1 assay in the presence of human alveolar bone marrow stem cells (hABMSCs). No adverse effects were observed in the presence of the developed bioceramics, indicating their biocompatibility. The cells adequately adhered to the bioceramics-treated media. Enhanced bone regeneration occurred in the presence of the developed bioceramics in the defected skulls of mice, and this potential was profoundly affected by the size of the developed bioceramics. The bioceramics-treated mice groups exhibited greater vascularization compared to control. Therefore, the developed bioceramics have the potential to be used as biomaterials for bone regeneration application.
Highlights
Total hip replacement surgery is a massive burden globally due to its tremendous negative impact on the socioeconomic scenario
The human alveolar bone marrow stem cells (hABMSCs) were received from the Korean Cell Line Bank (KCLB; Seoul National University, Korea), and cell culture was performed according to the method described by Gronthos et al [24]
This study investigated the preparation and characterization of calcium phosphate-based bioceramics from human teeth
Summary
Total hip replacement surgery is a massive burden globally due to its tremendous negative impact on the socioeconomic scenario. The distinct advantage of histocompatibility without disease transfer risks makes the autografts ideal for bone repair [5,6] Their limited availability forces researchers to develop alternative and adequate bone substitutes. Calcium phosphate-based bioceramics, such as hydroxyapatite (HAp), β-tricalcium phosphate, etc., are considered suitable bone graft materials due to their structural and chemical similarity to human bone [8]. These materials are used as a bioactive coating, bone cement, or in drug delivery applications. We developed the different sizes of bioceramics from human teeth through heat treatment and comparatively evaluated their bone regeneration potential with commercially available Bio-Oss® (Geistlich Pharma AG, Wolhusen, Switzerland), which is often applied as a bone implant. The bone regeneration potential of the developed bioceramics can be fine-tuned by taking different particle sizes
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