Human cell mutagenicity of oxygenated, nitrated and unsubstituted polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons associated with urban aerosols

Abstract

Polycyclic aromatic compounds (PAC) are ubiquitous pollutants in urban air that may pose risks to human health. In order to better assess the health risks associated with this class of compounds, a total of 67 PAC that eitheir have been identified (55) or are suspected to be present (12) in urban aerosol samples were tested for mutagenicity in a forward mutation assay based on human B-lymphoblastoid cells. The cell line used (designated h1A1v2) constitutively expressed the cytochrome P4501A1, which is known to be necessary for the metabolism of many promutagens. The PAC tested included 39 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), 19 oxygen-containing PAH (oxy-PAH) and nine NO 2-substituted PAH (nitro-PAH). A total of 26 PAH were mutagenic. In comparing the minimum mutagenic concentrations of the mutagenic PAH with that of benzo[ a]pyrene (B[ a]P) it was found that dibenzo[ a, l]pyrene (DB[ al]P), cyclopental[ c, d]pyrene (CPP), naphtho[2,1- a]pyrene, dibenzo[ a, e]pyrene (DB[ ae]P) and 1-methylbenzo[ a]pyrene were 24 ± 21, 6.9 ± 4.2, 3.2 ± 3.0, 2.9 ± 2.9 and 1.6 ± 1.4 times, more mutagenic than B[ a]P, and that dibenzo[ a, k]fluoranthene and B[ a]P, and B[ a]P were approximately equally mutagenic. The 19 other mutagenic PAH were between ∼ 2 and ∼ 1800 times less mutagenic than B[ a]P. Of the oxy-PAH tested only phenalenone, 7 H-benz[ d, e]anthracen-7-one, 3-nitro-6 H-dibenzo[ b, d]pyran-6-one, cyclopenta[ c, d]pyren-3(4 H)-one, 6 H-benzo[ c, d]pyren-6-one (BPK) and anthanthrenequinone were mutagenic; however, with the exception of BPK, these were over 50 times less active than B[ a]P. BPK was ∼ 3 times less active than B[ a]P. Seven of the nitro-PAH were mutagenic including 9-nitroanthracene, 1-nitropyrene, 2-nitrofluoranthene, 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1,3-dinitropyrene, 1,6-dinitropyrene (1,6-DNP) and 1,8-dinitropyrene. 1,6-DNP was ∼ 4 times less active than B[ a]P; the six other mutagenic nitro-PAH were between 20 and 380 times less active than B[ a]P. These results are discussed in terms of their relevance for determining the most important mutagens in ambient air. Based on reported concentrations of PAC in ambient aerosols, it is possible that CCP, DB[ ae]P, DB[ al]P and BPK could account for a greater proportion of the mutagenicity than B[ a]P in some aerosols.