Abstract
This cross-sectional study sought to identify gender differences in individual behavioral attitudes, personal traits, and entrepreneurial education based on planned behavior theory. The Smart partial least squares (PLS) structural equation model and PLS path modeling were used. A survey design was used to collect data from 309 samples using quantitative measures. The model was tested for validity and reliability and showed variance (full, R2 = 58.9% and split, R2 = 62.7% and R2 = 52.7%) in male and female model predictive power, respectively. Subjective norms (SN), personality traits (PT), and entrepreneurial education (EE) significantly impacted the male sample's intention. Females' intentions toward entrepreneurship was less affected by attitude toward behavior (ATB), subjective norms (SN), perceived behavioral control (PBC), and entrepreneurship education (EE). Further, attitudes, social norms, and behavioral controls as mediation variables indicate a significant and positive role of male and female intentions. These findings imply that behavioral beliefs (ATB, PBC, and SN) influence entrepreneurial intention-action translation. The results significantly supported the designed hypotheses and shed light on individual personality traits (PT) and entrepreneurship education (EE) underpinning enterprise intention. The study determined that EE and PT are the strongest predictors of intention, thus highlighting the role of these motives in the entrepreneurial process. This study contributes to the growing body of knowledge on youth entrepreneurs, expands our understanding of entrepreneurship as a practical career choice, and offers a novel account differentiating male and female PT. The drive to evaluate the effects of entrepreneurial intention among budding disparities in Pakistan requires a more profound knowledge of the aspects that endorse entrepreneurship as a choice of profession and enhances youth incentive abilities to engage in entrepreneurial activities based on exploitation.
Highlights
Entrepreneurship is critical for economic development and well-being
Descriptive analysis is critical in an all-inclusive view of data analysis
The findings show that the impacts of Subjective Norm (SN), entrepreneurship education (EE), and personality traits (PT) were the most significant predictors of intention in terms of total effects, followed by Attitude Toward Behavior (ATB) and Perceived Behavioral Control (PBC), which had the most negligible impact on intention
Summary
Entrepreneurship is critical for economic development and well-being. Entrepreneurs’ participation in a country’s economic growth is crucial because of their essential role in development [1]. Establishing enterprises has been sluggish in the Pakistani context and is essential for building a robust entrepreneurial environment for nascent entrepreneurs [2]. As women encounter increasing obstacle to careers that pay, motivation and encouragement may enhance their performance in business intentions because they represent unexploited assets that can be used to improve a country’s economic prospects [4]. Some studies found that obtaining and using the enterprise economy relies on women’s entrepreneurship growth [2, 5]. Universities and academia provide entrepreneurship opportunities, fewer in the agricultural sector, since they make it possible for consumers to test and incubate new businesses and acquire entrepreneurial skills. The impact of the entrepreneurial class is seen in the mindsets of university students who see themselves as business owners [3]
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