HotCluster: A Thermal-Aware Defect Recovery Method for Through-Silicon-Vias Toward Reliable 3-D ICs Systems

Abstract

Through silicon via (TSV) is considered as the near-future solution to realize low-power and high-performance 3D-integrated circuits (3D-ICs) and 3D-Network-on-Chips (3D-NoCs). However, the lifetime reliability issue of TSV due to its fault sensitivity and the high operating temperature of 3D-ICs, which also accelerates the fault rate, is one of the most critical challenges. Meanwhile, most current works focus on detecting and correcting TSV defects after manufacturing without considering high-temperature nodes’ impact on lifetime reliability. Besides, the recovery for defective clusters is also challenging because of costly redundancies. In this work, we present <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HotCluster</i> : a hotspot-aware self-correction platform for clustering defects in 3D-NoCs to help understand and tackle this problem. We first give a method to predict normalized fault rates and place redundant TSV groups according to each region’s fault rate. In our particular medium fault rate (normalized to the coolest area), <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HotCluster</i> reduces about 60% of the redundancies in comparison to the uniformly distributed redundancies while having a higher ratio of router working in a normal state. Furthermore, <italic xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">HotCluster</i> integrates both online (weight based) and offline (max-flow min-cut offline method) mapping algorithms to help the system correct the faulty TSV clusters. The experimental results show that both the max-flow min-cut offline method and weight-based online mode with a redundancy of 0.25 exhibits less than 1% of routers disabled under 50% defect rates.