Herpes simplex virus-1 and varicella virus infections in familial dysautonomia patients

Abstract

Familial dystautonomia (FD) patients are deficient in type C fibers, suggesting that there may be a different pattern of infection and clinical presentation when infected by Herpes simplex virus type 1 (HSV-1) or Varicella-Zoster virus (VZV). These viruses infect and are reactivated in the periphery of the body through type C sensory nerve fibers. HSV-1 infects epithelial cells, penetrates into type C fibers, and migrates to the ganglia to generate latent infection. In reactivation, the viral DNA migrates through type C fibers, infecting the epidermis at the entry site. VZV infects through the respiratory tract, causing systemic viral infection and latency in the ganglia, from which it is reactivated and reaches the skin. The study was carried by clinical questionnaire and by HSV and VZV IgG antibodies on fifty-one FD patients and eighty matched controls. The questionnaire revealed that no FD patient had a history of clinical HSV-1 infection, compared to 15% in the control group (P < 0.05), while 50% FD patients had been infected by varicella, compared to 66% in the VZV control group. However in FD, VZV clinical manifestations were mild in comparison to controls. There was no difference in infection rates for some other viral diseases. HSV-1 antibodies were detected in 24% of the FD patients, compared to 38% in the control group (P < 0.1). VZV antibodies were similar in FD and controls (66%, 63%). We concluded that the rate of HSV infection in FD is low and clinical reactivation is rare. The rate of varicella infection appears to be the same for patients and controls, but in FD the clinical presentation is mild. We suggest that these differences are due to the lack of type C fibers in FD patients.