Halide assisted addition of hydrogen halides to alkenes

Abstract

The addition of 0.1 M quaternary ammonium halide to a solution of 20% trifluoroacetic acid in methylene chloride causes a large rate increase in the reaction of simple alkenes leading to a mixture of alkyl halides and trifluoroacetates. The mechanism is proposed to involve a halide assisted protonation of the alkene which produces a carbocation intermediate sandwiched between the attacking halide ion and the trifluoroacetate ion. At higher concentrations of halide ion, the proton donating ability of the solution decreases, slowing the reaction and increasing the efficiency of cation capture by the halide ion. This leads to a greater proportion of unrearranged halide product. At the highest concentration of halide ion, cation rearrangement is virtually eliminated.