Abstract
Differences in postprandial insulin, glucose, and/or free fatty acid concentrations, following the consumption of breakfast, have been demonstrated to be dependent on habitual breakfast patterns. This study examined the effects of habitual breakfast patterns on postprandial appetite, satiety, and hormonal responses along with daily food intake following the consumption of normal-protein (NP) vs. higher-protein (HP) breakfasts in overweight adolescents. Thirty-seven girls (age: 19 ± 1 year; BMI: 29.0 ± 3.4 kg/m2) participated in the semi-randomized crossover design study. Participants were grouped according to whether they habitually skipped (SKIP, n = 18) or consumed breakfast (CONSUME, n = 19), and consumed a NP (350 kcal; 13 g protein) or HP (350 kcal; 35 g protein) breakfast for 3 days/pattern. On day 4, breakfast was provided, and appetite questionnaires and blood samples were collected throughout an 8 h testing day. Daily food intake was also assessed. Regardless of habitual breakfast patterns, the consumption of HP breakfast led to greater daily fullness (29,030 ± 6,010 min × mm) vs. NP breakfast (26,910 ± 5580 min × mm; p = 0.03). Daily protein consumption was greater (98 ± 15 g vs. 78 ± 15 g), and carbohydrate consumption was lower (331 ± 98 g vs. 367 ± 94 g) with HP vs. NP (both, p < 0.001). No other differences were observed. These data suggest that the recommendation to consume a HP breakfast for improved satiety and ingestive behavior is appropriate for overweight adolescent girls, regardless of habitual breakfast patterns.
Highlights
Childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity remains a global public health crisis
No other differences were observed. These data suggest that the recommendation to consume a higher-protein breakfast (HP) breakfast for improved satiety and ingestive behavior is appropriate for overweight adolescent girls, regardless of habitual breakfast patterns
2019, 11, xwas fullness (p = 0.19), the HP breakfast led to greater fullness throughout the testing day
Summary
Childhood and adolescent overweight/obesity remains a global public health crisis. the prevalence of obesity in younger children is plateauing, the prevalence of obesity in adolescents continues to increase, with current trends at 20.6% [1,2]. In identifying potential behavioral strategies for improvements in obesity-related outcomes in this age group, the daily consumption of breakfast has become one nutrition intervention of interest. This is especially relevant in adolescent girls since they exhibit the greatest frequency of skipping breakfast [3,4]. As discussed in several recent reviews [5,6], the consumption of breakfast elicits acute improvements in appetite, satiety, and glycemic control compared to skipping the morning meal These responses are more robust when the meals contain higher-protein foods compared to lower-protein foods [7,8].
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