Abstract
<p>Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is the most aggressive type of brain cancer, having the highest invasion, migration, proliferation, and angiogenesis rates. Several signaling pathways are involved in the regulation of these processes including growth factors and their tyrosine kinase receptors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ), fibroblast growth factor (FGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), and insulin-like growth factor–I (IGF–I). Different kinases and regulators also participate in signaling pathways initiated by growth factors, such as mitogen-activated kinases (MAPK), protein kinases C (PKC), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinases (PI3K), protein kinase B (PKB or Akt), glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK3β), the mTOR complex, and Bcl-2. In this review, we will focus on the role of these proteins as possible therapeutic targets in GBM.</p>
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