Greenness assessment of novel microfabricated electrode utilizing N-doped graphite as a transducer for sensing of zonisamide. Application: Pharmaceuticals and Spiked human plasma

Abstract

Solid-contact electrodes breakthrough drug analysis arena being miniaturized and can be incorporated into the development of handheld devices used in vivo sensing. In this work, an innovative eco-friendly, and portable Cu-microfabricated electrode was developed for sensing zonisamide (ZNS). N-doped graphite was employed as a transducer layer beneath the ZNS selective membrane to improve potential stability. The Electrochemical performance of the sensor was assessed according to IUPAC recommendations. The linear range of ZNS was determined to be 1 × 10−6 to 1 × 10−2 M with LOD of 5 × 10−7 M. The proposed sensor could detect ZNS in its pure form, dosage form, spiked human plasma, and in the presence of its degradation product in synthetic mixtures. The greenness of the proposed method was evaluated via Eco-Scale Assessment, Green Analytical Procedure Index [GAPI], and Analytical GREEnness software [AGREE].