Abstract
Nanotechnology emerged as a scientific innovation in the 21st century. Metallic nanoparticles (metal or metal oxide nanoparticles) have attained remarkable popularity due to their interesting biological, physical, chemical, magnetic, and optical properties. Metal-based nanoparticles can be prepared by utilizing different biological, physical, and chemical methods. The biological method is preferred as it provides a green, simple, facile, ecofriendly, rapid, and cost-effective route for the green synthesis of nanoparticles. Plants have complex phytochemical constituents such as carbohydrates, amino acids, phenolics, flavonoids, terpenoids, and proteins, which can behave as reducing and stabilizing agents. However, the mechanism of green synthesis by using plants is still highly debatable. In this report, we summarized basic principles or mechanisms of green synthesis especially for metal or metal oxide (i.e., ZnO, Au, Ag, and TiO2, Fe, Fe2O3, Cu, CuO, Co) nanoparticles. Finally, we explored the medical applications of plant-based nanoparticles in terms of antibacterial, antifungal, and anticancer activity.
Highlights
Technology and science are moving at the highest rate for developing green technology
Licorice aqueous root extract was utilized for the formation of circular gold nanoparticles with a size range of 2.647 nm to 16.25 nm and tested toward P. aeruginosa (ZOI = 25 ± 0.17), E. coli (ZOI = 29 ± 0.35), S. aureus (ZOI = 26 ± 0.29), S. typhi (ZOI = 26 ± 0.15), B. subtilis (ZOI = 25 ± 0. 15), P. citrinum (ZOI = 19 ± 0.21), A. niger (ZOI = 17 ± 0.29), Candida albicans (ZOI = 14 ± 0.21), F. oxysporum (ZOI = 18 ± 0.33), and A. flavus (ZOI = 16 ± 0.15)
Musa acuminata ethanol and aqueous extract were utilized for the biosynthesis of gold nanoparticles, having a size range of 12.6–15.7 nm and evaluated against K. pneumoniae (ZOI = 12 mm), P. aeruginosa (ZOI = 9 mm), E. faecalis (ZOI = mm), S. typhi (ZOI = NO), E. coli (ZOI = 7), S. aureus (ZOI = mm), and P. mirabilis (ZOI = mm)
Summary
Technology and science are moving at the highest rate for developing green technology. The biosynthesis of nanoparticles with desired morphology (shape, size, and crystalline nature) has been one of the basic aims in chemistry that can be utilized for various applications, e.g., catalysis, biomedical, lower-cost electrode, and biosensor [10,11,12]. Except for their unique chemical and physical properties, nanoparticles behaved as a bridge between molecular or atomic structure and bulk materials. The objective of this review was to promote green synthesis, which is simple, cost-effective, and ecofriendly, so the novelty of this review article lies in explaining the recently reported (2019–2021) green synthetic methods of metal and metal oxide nanoparticles from plants and their capacity as antimicrobial and antibacterial agents
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